# Table in a mathematical paper

I write a paper for a course and have some trouble with a table. As you can see the table fits not well into the document:

It would be appreciated if someone could tell me how to fix this problem. Here is a test code:

% /usr/local/doc/tex-inputs/latex/notes/paper.tex

% An example showing how to prepare an article using AMSLaTeX.
% Stephen G. Simpson, Fall 1995.

% Lines beginning with a percent sign are comments.  LaTeX ignores them.

% Begin by declaring a document class and options.

\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{amsart}

% \documentclass{amsart} says to use the AMS article document class.
% [12pt,oneside] says to use the 12pt and oneside options.
% If you don't want these options, just say \documentstyle{amsart}.

% After the document class declaration comes the preamble.
% The preamble begins here.

% First we activate any packages that we may need.
%
% The amssymb package provides \mathbb and other
% math symbols.  The amsmath package provides sophisticated math
% constructions.  The amsthm package provides \theoremstyle and
% the \proof environment.
%
% The amsmath and amsthm packages are automatically activated by
% \documentclass{amsart}, so there is no need to activate them here.

\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}   % if you want to include graphics files
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{enumerate}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{aliascnt}
\usepackage{tikz}

% Next we use \newtheorem to specify our theorem-like environments
% (theorem, definition, etc.) and how to display and number them.
%
% Note: The \theoremstyle declarations affect the appearance of the
% Theorems, Definitions, etc.

\theoremstyle{plain}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}

\theoremstyle{definition}
\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition}
\theoremstyle{proposition}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}

\theoremstyle{remark}
\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark}

% The preamble is also a good place to define new commands and macros.
% This part of the preamble is strictly optional according to your taste.

\newcommand{\R}{{\mathbb R}}
\newcommand{\nil}{\varnothing}

% The following mysterious maneuver gets rid of AMS junk at the top
% and bottom of the first page.

\makeatletter
\def\serieslogo@{}
\makeatother

% This ends the preamble.  We now proceed to the document itself.

\begin{document}

\section{Test code}

\begin{proof}

Together with the inductive result of Lemma \ref{induction} this implies in all cases that $\mathcal{P}$ is one of optimal, unbounded, or feasible:
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{tabular}{|cc|p{2cm}cccp{2cm}|}
\hline
\textbf{}               &            &                                                 & $\mathcal{P}/e$              & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{}                                                   \\
&            & optimal                                         & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{unbonuded}      & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{infeasible}                                        \\ \hline
& optimal    & optimal Lemma \ref{induction} i)                & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{(not possible)} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{optimal or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} ii)}   \\ \cline{2-5}
$\mathcal{P}\backslash e$ & unbounded  & unbounded or optimal Lemma \ref{induction} iii) & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{unbounded}      & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{unbounded or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} iv)} \\ \cline{2-5}
& infeasible & (not possible)                                  & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{(not possible)} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{infeasible}                                        \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{proof}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{references}

\end{document}


You will get unresolved citation which doesn't matter.

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Use tabularx package. – cacamailg Oct 12 '13 at 16:47
There are some unclear things. Do you want the P/e header on the left to encompass multiple rows or is it together with "unbounded" next to it? It might be helpful if you clarified how the cells are organized. – Alenanno Oct 12 '13 at 16:53

I suggest you simplify the table structure as follows:

• Provide only four columns: The left-most one should be headed by $\mathcal{P}\backslash e$, and columns 2 to 4 should be headed by $\mathcal{P}/e$.
• Don't use a tabular but, instead, a tabularx environment, and make use of the X column type provided by this package. The X column type allows text to wrap. Put differently, don't use c as the column alignment specifier.
• Don't use full (left and right) justification; use left-justification instead.
• You're probably going to do this anyway, but I'll still suggest you provide a \caption for the table environment.

\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{amsart}
\usepackage{tabularx,ragged2e}
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\RaggedRight}X} % left-justified version of X column type
\begin{document}
\section{Test code}

Together with the inductive result of Lemma \ref{induction} this implies in all cases that $\mathcal{P}$ is one of optimal, unbounded, or feasible:
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{|X|*{3}{Y|}}
\hline
$\mathcal{P}\backslash e$
&\multicolumn{3}{c|}{$\mathcal{P}/e$}\\
\cline{2-4}
& optimal  &unbounded & infeasible \\
\hline
optimal
& optimal Lemma \ref{induction} i)
& (not possible)
& optimal or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} ii)   \\
\hline
unbounded
& unbounded or optimal Lemma \ref{induction} iii)
& unbounded
& unbounded or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} iv) \\
\hline
infeasible
& (not possible)
& (not possible)
& infeasible \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\end{document}


Addendum: I'll make one more suggestion related to the overall design of the table: Don't use any vertical lines at all, and use the booktabs package and its commands for drawing well-spaced horizontal lines ("rules"):

\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{amsart}
\usepackage{tabularx,ragged2e,booktabs}
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\RaggedRight}X} % left-justified version of X column type
\begin{document}
\section{Test code}

Together with the inductive result of Lemma \ref{induction} this implies in all cases that $\mathcal{P}$ is one of optimal, unbounded, or feasible:
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{@{}X*{3}{Y}@{}}
\toprule
$\mathcal{P}\backslash e$
&\multicolumn{3}{c}{$\mathcal{P}/e$}\\
\cmidrule(l){2-4}
& optimal  &unbounded & infeasible \\
\midrule
optimal
& optimal Lemma \ref{induction} i)
& (not possible)
& optimal or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} ii)   \\[1ex]
unbounded
& unbounded or optimal Lemma \ref{induction} iii)
& unbounded
& unbounded or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} iv) \\[1ex]
infeasible
& (not possible)
& (not possible)
& infeasible \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\end{document}


Second addendum: The OP has asked for a version of the table that features $\mathcal{P}\backslash e$ by itself in a new column at the far-left. Here's an attempt to make this work.

\documentclass[12pt,oneside]{amsart}
\usepackage{tabularx,ragged2e}
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\RaggedRight}X} % left-justified version of X column type
\begin{document}
\section{Test code}

Together with the inductive result of Lemma \ref{induction} this implies in all cases that $\mathcal{P}$ is one of optimal, unbounded, or feasible:
\begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{|l|l|*{3}{Y|}}
\hline
& &\multicolumn{3}{c|}{$\mathcal{P}/e$}\\
\cline{3-5}
& & optimal  &unbounded & infeasible \\
\hline
& optimal
& optimal Lemma \ref{induction} i)
& (not possible)
& optimal or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} ii)   \\
\cline{2-5}
$\mathcal{P}\backslash e$
& unbounded
& unbounded or optimal Lemma \ref{induction} iii)
& unbounded
& unbounded or infeasible Lemma \ref{induction} iv) \\
\cline{2-5}
& infeasible
& (not possible)
& (not possible)
& infeasible \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\end{document}

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is it possible to have on the very left side another column for \mathcal{P}\backslash e$like for$\mathcal{P}/e$? – m. th Oct 12 '13 at 17:39 @math - It's certainly possible. What do you want to place in the new (far-left) column, and what would remain in the currently left-most column? – Mico Oct 12 '13 at 17:42 In the very left should stand$\mathcal{P}\backslash e$like on the very top row for$\mathcal{P}/e\$. Such that both the very top row and the very left column look the same (for \mathcal{P}/e and \mathcal{P}\backslash e respectively.) – m. th Oct 12 '13 at 17:44
@math - please see the second addendum. I must confess I'm not sure I understand your objective in adding another column to the table. – Mico Oct 12 '13 at 18:02
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage[showframe]{geometry}

\begin{document}
\noindent
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{|cc|XcccX|}
\hline
A & B & CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC & D & E & F & HHH HHH \\
A & B & CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC CCC & D & E & F & HHH HHH \\
\hline
\end{tabularx}
\end{document}

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