# Why do different fonts have different point sizes?

My "general" question is:

• Why do different fonts have different definitions of a "point"?

Or in a concrete case:

• Why is Arial 12pt bigger than Times New Roman 12pt?

The fact the definition of point size changes from one font to another confuses me.

General or theoretical answers are welcome.

PS: Although this question is not directly (La)TeX-related, at the same time it is, because, of course, (La)TeX uses fonts.

EDIT AND POSSIBLE ANSWER: Here, a sample document with words of 20 repeated characters of each latin character, in Times (upper line) and Arial (just below it):

We can see that, 50% of letters, specially vowels, are bigger in Arial, 35% of similar size, and 15% are bigger in Times. But these differences in size are only real in width, since it changes the number of characters which can fit in a line (and in a page).

About the vertical space consumed by both fonts, the x-height of Arial is bigger than Times (the x-height is which have in common the letters: pb), but the size of the x-height + ascenders (which have in common bh) or x-height + descender (which have in common pq) are the same in both fonts.

In general, the "point size" of a font is the size of the x-height + ascender area's size + descender area's size, and the point size says nothing and gives no restrictions about the width of each character. So, the only reason Arial is bigger than Times is because of its width. Any other size difference depends only on the visual style of the font design (in this case, the fact Arial has a bigger x-height).

Finally, how large is a point? does every font use the same definition of "point size"? In principle, the size of a point is 0.35278 mm, and thus 12pt (a pica), 12*0.35278 = 4.23333 mm. This point size is supposed to be a standard one, and it seems both Arial and Times New Roman uses this definition of point (tested with a rule in the screen :P). Although, in general, I don't know if, really, every modern font respect it and, according to some of the comments and other Internet sources, this seems not to be the case.

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The Wikipedia article is an OK place to start. But I don't think it is really a *TeX question, though it is admittedly of interest to people who use fonts.... –  jon Mar 23 '14 at 18:54
I think it's misleading to say that the point size is `x-height + ascender area's size + descender area's size` You can define it to be so (and a font editor may show it that way) but that does not necessarily relate to actual glyph shapes: there may be no glyphs in the font with ascenders or descenders that tall. Also the final comment about definition of point it isn't really font-specific but rather system specific, TeX `pt` is not quite the same as a postscript point (which is a `bp` in TeX units) but if you ask for fonts at 12pt or 12bp they all scale by the same relative amount. –  David Carlisle Mar 24 '14 at 17:27
Also the site works best if you don't edit the answer into the question but leave the question as a question and put the answer in an answer. (It is OK to self-answer and to accept your own answer) –  David Carlisle Mar 24 '14 at 17:28
@DavidCarlisle Ok. Currently, it is a "possible answer". If I get a more rigurously or correct answer, I will put it as an answer. –  Peregring-lk Mar 24 '14 at 17:45

This is the complete rewrite of my answer, my original misleading one is kept at the end.

Setting a glyph at 12pt means that the glyph is scaled so it fits into a vertical space measuring 12pt (in any of the systems). The question is how to determine the vertical size of the glyph. The vertical metrics are defined font-wide and in the case of Arial and Times, they are the same: the height of a glyph in these fonts is divided into 2048 design units of which 1638 are above, 410 below the baseline. In both cases, the theoretical descender- and ascender-heights are positioned at the same points. What’s different in the two cases is how the image and the white-space of the glyph (which is an important part of it) are distributed.

In the following image you see the b’s of Times and Arial (screenshot from Sortsmill Editor). The top and bottom horizontal and the vertical lines mark the bounding box of the glyph, the horizontal line in between is the base line. Setting the glyph at 12pt means that the distance between the top and the bottom horizontal line measures 12pt (in whatever system you choose).

The most important difference is the much lower x-height in Times (916 vs. 1062). But also the ascender height in the actual images of the glyphs differs (1422 vs. 1466) the impression of which is increased by the sloped top of ascenders in Times which make its letters appear even smaller. The third difference is the smaller upper-case-height (1356 vs. 1466) but much more important is the contrast between thick vertical and thin horizontal strokes in Times whereas in Arial there’s almost no contrast. What’s more, Arial’s stems are in fact a little bit thicker than Times’ (180 vs. 166). This makes Times appear lighter and therefore increases the impression of it being smaller. Finally, Arial’s design is a bit broader, Times is a very narrow design so you have one more factor that increases said impression.

The first version of the answer:

First, Arial’s 12pt don’t differ from Times’ 12pt as long as both are measured within the same system (either pica, didot or big point). What you ask about is the optical appearance of different fonts at the same nominal size. It’s essentially a question of how the glyph’s image is positioned within its box. In lead type you have the lead body on which the image is cast. That image might have a different vertical size depending on the font’s design, for instance being smaller to leave more space atop for diacritical marks. Also, the height of the baseline might be shifted upwards so the descenders can be longer. The same goes for digital type (in fact in lead type there were some baseline standardizations which are no more in digital type). Arial’s uppercase letters for instance take up more vertical space than Times’. Also, the x-height (the height of letters that only reach to the midline like the letter “x”) in Arial is much higher than in Times which adds to the impression of being bigger sized.

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Are you sure it is only an optical question?: s11.postimg.org/x25b9nctr/Arial_Times.png –  Peregring-lk Mar 24 '14 at 11:10
Both fonts have same "size" when you compare vertical space. Arial has a bigger x-height but both ascenders (of the letter 'b') reach the same point, and the space between line is also the same; but the horizontal size is bigger in Arial than in Times, and in a line there's more Arial than Times characters. –  Peregring-lk Mar 24 '14 at 11:33

There are actually different definitions of the point unit. These days most systems mean "PostScript points" 1/72 in (which TeX calls big point `bp`) However that isn't really the issue here.

The size is essentially an arbitrary number assigned by the font designer. there is no universal definition of what is measured by the "point size" of a font. It's not the height of `M` or `(` or any other testable thing. All you can really say is that for a given font it is probably bigger at 12pt than it is at 10pt.

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So, if a font designer gives you some font, with an arbitrary size, and says: "this font has an standard size of 12pt", you have no other alternative as accept it, even it that size is ridicuously tiny or bigger? –  Peregring-lk Mar 23 '14 at 18:58
In TeX you can change it, in various ways as you can apply scaling while font loading so (in latex for example) you can specify that when the user goes `\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}\selectfont` then you get what the designer called 10pt or that multiplied by any number (which you can set per font) this is useful when setting up packages mixing fonts for sans serif and serif (say) to make x-height (the height of lower case letters) match more closely –  David Carlisle Mar 23 '14 at 19:03
@Peregring-lk -- And with `fontspec`, there is the `Scale` option; e.g., `\setsansfont[Scale=MatchUppercase]{Arial}`, which would scale Arial so it matched (using the 'uppercase' size) whatever you've loaded as your `\setmainfont`. `Scale` can also be set to `MatchLowercase` or to some number. –  jon Mar 23 '14 at 19:15
IIRC the point size was originally the height of the lead used in letterpress printing, the actual size on that piece of lead didn't need to fit exactly as long as the alphabet looked balanced. –  hugovdberg Mar 23 '14 at 19:35