I don't know if there is a direct register for that (and I would love to know too) but you can access that info with a little more work:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[style=help lines] (0,0) grid[step=1cm] (3,2);
\draw[red,ultra thick] (0,0) -- (35:3cm);
\draw let \p1=(35:3cm), \n1 = {veclen(\x1,\y1)},\n2 = {atan2(\x1,\y1)} in (0,0) -- (\n2:\n1);
\draw let \p1=(35:1cm), \n1 = {veclen(\x1,\y1)},\n2 = {atan2(\x1,\y1)} in (0,0) -- (\n2+30:2*\n1);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
This gives

One can further wrap this into a more pragmatic macro but it is not that verbose by itself now. Moreover, you can do the same with respect to another point, I mean it does not need to be the origin that the angle and length measured from.