These "player buttons" are unique to the animate package and are constructed from low-level Postscript commands.
The following MWE provides an interface to the symbols, entirely extracted from animate.sty (minus some colour settings). Each of the symbols is 15pt in width. Since the commands are low-level, they produce a zero-width representation within LaTeX, and can therefore be overlaid to make more elaborate constructs (like the construction of the "symbol" <||>).
The interface is provided by \pstverb from the pstricks package. Compile using the sequence latex->dvips->ps2pdf or xelatex:

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{pstricks}%
\makeatletter
\def\@anim@btnend{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1 setlinewidth
4.5 4 moveto
9.5 7.5 lineto
4.5 11 lineto
stroke
0 setlinejoin
10.5 4.4 moveto
10.5 10.6 lineto
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnstep{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1 setlinewidth
5 4 moveto
10 7.5 lineto
5 11 lineto
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnplay{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1 setlinewidth
5 4 moveto
5 11 lineto
10 7.5 lineto
closepath
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnpause{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
0 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
0 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
0 14 lineto
stroke
2 setlinewidth
2.2 4 moveto
2.2 11 lineto
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnminus{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1.0 setlinewidth
0 setlinecap
4 7.5 moveto
11 7.5 lineto
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnplus{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1.0 setlinewidth
0 setlinecap
4 7.5 moveto
11 7.5 lineto
7.5 4 moveto
7.5 11 lineto
stroke
}
\def\@anim@btnreset{%
% \@anim@bg\space
% \@anim@fg\space
0.25 setlinewidth
1 setlinecap
1 setlinejoin
1 1 moveto
14 1 lineto
14 14 lineto
1 14 lineto
closepath
stroke
1 setlinewidth
7.5 4 moveto
7.5 11 lineto
stroke
0 setlinejoin
3.5 5 moveto
7 7.5 lineto
3.5 10 lineto
closepath
fill
11.5 5 moveto
8 7.5 lineto
11.5 10 lineto
closepath
fill
1 setlinewidth
2 setlinecap
3 7.5 moveto
3.5 7.5 lineto
12 7.5 moveto
11.5 7.5 lineto
stroke
}
\def\btnendleft{\pstverb{[-1 0 0 1 15 0] concat \@anim@btnend}}%
\def\btnendright{\pstverb{\@anim@btnend}}%
\def\btnminus{\pstverb{\@anim@btnminus}}%
\def\btnpauseleft{\pstverb{[-1 0 0 1 15 0] concat \@anim@btnpause}}%
\def\btnpauseright{\pstverb{\@anim@btnpause}}%
\def\btnplayleft{\pstverb{[-1 0 0 1 15 0] concat \@anim@btnplay}}%
\def\btnplayright{\pstverb{\@anim@btnplay}}%
\def\btnplus{\pstverb{\@anim@btnplus}}%
\def\btnreset{\pstverb{\@anim@btnreset}}%
\def\btnstepleft{\pstverb{[-1 0 0 1 15 0] concat \@anim@btnstep}}%
\def\btnstepright{\pstverb{\@anim@btnstep}}%
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\verb|Left end: |~\btnendleft \par
\verb|Right end: |~\btnendright \par
\verb|Minus: |~\btnminus \par
\verb|Left pause: |~\btnpauseleft \par
\verb|Right pause:|~\btnpauseright \par
\verb|Left play: |~\btnplayleft \par
\verb|Right play: |~\btnplayright \par
\verb|Plus: |~\btnplus \par
\verb|Reset: |~\btnreset \par
\verb|Left step: |~\btnstepleft \par
\verb|Right step: |~\btnstepright
\bigskip
\verb!<||> : !~\btnpauseleft\btnplayleft\hspace{15pt}\btnpauseright\btnplayright
\end{document}
marvosym also provides some playback buttons, as shown in Table 209 of Scott Pakin's Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List:
