# Tikz, tangent between two circles

I am trying to create the image below

Here is my code

\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{tikz,tkz-euclide}

\begin{document}
\center
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O}
\tkzDefPoint(0,1.25){A1}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){A2}
\tkzDefPoint(3,0){A3}
\tkzDrawCircle[very thick,color=blue,fill=green!80!black,opacity=0.6](O,A2)
\tkzDrawCircle[fill=white](O,A1)
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}


My problem is, how Do I create the tangent line? And is there a more efficent way than mine? =)

-
I guess the easiest is to use a circle node smallcircand refer to the smallcirc.north. You can either clip with the big circle or use the intersection library to get the points on the bigger circle. –  percusse Mar 5 '12 at 0:17

If the tangent is horizontal, then no trig is needed and the following works.

\begin{tikzpicture}
\draw[thick,fill=green!20] (0,0) circle (2cm);
\path[clip] (0,0) circle (2cm);
\fill[green!30] (0,0) circle (2cm);
\draw[thick,blue,fill=white] (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw[thick,red] (-2,1) -- (2,1) node[midway,above,black] {A};
\end{tikzpicture}


Note that this is pretty minimal, and just for generating the image you want. More sophisticated methods are available (see Jake's answer), but often I'll default to quick-and-dirty like this, because as much as I love making diagrams, time is money!

-

You can use \tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](A1,O) to find a point on the tangent line passing through A1, and then use that new point together with \tkzInterLC to find the intersections between the tangent line and outer circle.

I would define the circles a bit differently:

\documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone}

\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usetkzobj{all}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){O} % centre
\tkzDefPoint(90:1){A} % defines small radius and tangent point
\tkzDrawCircle(O,A)
\tkzDrawCircle(O,B)

\tkzDefPointWith[orthogonal](A,O) \tkzGetPoint{Q} % find a point Q orthogonal to AO
\tkzInterLC(A,Q)(O,B) \tkzGetPoints{A'}{A''} % find intersections of a line passing through A and Q with the large circle
\tkzDrawSegment(A',A'') % draw the tangent
\tkzDrawPoints(A,A',A'') % show the points
\tkzLabelPoints[above](A)
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\end{document}


Of course, this can also be done with built-in TikZ mechanisms, namely the intersections library. Compared to a clipping approach, this has the advantage of making the end points of the tangent line available. By using the ($(<point>)!<factor>!<angle>:(<point>)$) syntax for defining the tangent, you can use arbitrary tangent points (like inner.37).

\documentclass[border=5mm]{standalone}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc, intersections}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\node (inner) [draw, circle, minimum size=2cm] {}; % draw the small circle
\node (outer) [draw, circle, minimum size=4cm, name path=outer] {}; % draw the large circle, name the path for finding the intersections later
\coordinate (O) at (0,0); % name the origin
\coordinate [label=A] (A) at (inner.90)  {}; % name the tangent point on the small circle

\begin{pgfinterruptboundingbox} % do not update the bounding box
\path [name path global=tangent] ($(A)!-10!90:(O)$) -- ($(A)!10!90:(O)$); % define the tangent path, make it long (20 times the radius of the small circle) to catch all intersections
\end{pgfinterruptboundingbox}

\draw [name intersections={of=outer and tangent}] (intersection-1) -- (intersection-2);
\end{tikzpicture}
%
\end{document}

-
Another useful use of \begin{pgfinterruptboundingbox}. I'm going to rewrite tkz-euclide ! –  Alain Matthes Mar 5 '12 at 5:12

Just for fun with PSTricks.

\documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt]{standalone}
\begin{document}
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=bottom](-3,-3)(3,3)
\psclip{\pscustom[fillcolor=green,fillstyle=eofill]{\pscircle{3}\moveto(2,0)\pscircle{2}}}
\psline[linecolor=red](-3,2)(3,2)
\endpsclip
\uput{2pt}[90](0,2){$A$}
\end{pspicture}
\end{document}


## Animated version:

\documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{multido}
\begin{document}
\multido{\n=0.0+0.1}{21}{%
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=bottom](-3,-3)(3,3)
\psclip{\pscustom[fillcolor=green,fillstyle=eofill]{\pscircle{3}\moveto(\n,0)\pscircle{\n}}}
\psline[linecolor=red](-3,\n)(3,\n)
\endpsclip
\uput{2pt}[90](0,\n){$A$}
\end{pspicture}}
\end{document}

-
no animation? :) just kidding :) –  cmhughes Sep 28 '12 at 17:23
@cmhughes: Done. Thanks. –  In PSTricks we trust Sep 28 '12 at 17:31
no need for clipping here. Draw a simple green circle and then a white one. That's all. –  Herbert Sep 28 '12 at 18:57
@Herbert: But I want the hole to be transparent. –  In PSTricks we trust Sep 28 '12 at 18:58
ok, I missed that point –  Herbert Sep 28 '12 at 19:17

only just for fun:

\documentclass[pstricks,border=12pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{multido}\SpecialCoor
\begin{document}
\multido{\n=0.0+0.1,\iB=0+18}{21}{%
\begin{pspicture}[showgrid=bottom](-3,-3)(3,3)
\psclip{\pscustom[fillcolor=green,fillstyle=eofill]{\pscircle{3}\moveto(\n,0)\pscircle{\n}}}
\rput{\iB}(\n;\iB){%
\psline[linecolor=red,linewidth=2pt](-5,\n)(3,\n)
\psdot(-\n,\n)\uput{2pt}[90]{\iB}(-\n,\n){\Large A}}
\endpsclip
\end{pspicture}}
\end{document}


-
\uput{2pt}[90]{-\iB}(-\n,\n){\Large A}. –  In PSTricks we trust Sep 28 '12 at 20:52
the rotation of A was intended, otherwise it is no fun :-) –  Herbert Sep 28 '12 at 20:53