The fonts of the mathptmx and txfonts packages are both derived from Times Roman. If you prefer the text fonts of the latter package but like the math fonts of the former package, you can type
\usepackage{txfonts}
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}
in the preamble. The second instruction tells LaTeX to load the ptm text font. (For comparison, the corresponding instruction in the txfonts package is \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{txr}.) This way, you'll also get access to the monospaced fonts that come with the txfonts package; I personally find them very pleasing (as well as compatible with Times-like roman fonts).
How to go about retaining certain parts of the math-fonts part of the mathptmx package is not really possible to determine because you don't provide an explicit list of which parts of the mathptmx package you prefer over those provided by the txfonts package. The former package provides the following mathfont-related instructions:
\DeclareSymbolFont{operators} {OT1}{ztmcm}{m}{n}
\DeclareSymbolFont{letters} {OML}{ztmcm}{m}{it}
\DeclareSymbolFont{symbols} {OMS}{ztmcm}{m}{n}
\DeclareSymbolFont{largesymbols}{OMX}{ztmcm}{m}{n}
\DeclareSymbolFont{bold} {OT1}{ptm}{bx}{n}
\DeclareSymbolFont{italic} {OT1}{ptm}{m}{it}
\@ifundefined{mathbf}{}{\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{OT1}{ptm}{bx}{n}}
\@ifundefined{mathit}{}{\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathit}{OT1}{ptm}{m}{it}}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\omicron}{0}{operators}{`\o}
whereas the latter package sets:
\DeclareSymbolFont{operators}{OT1}{txr}{m}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{operators}{bold}{OT1}{txr}{bx}{n}
\def\operator@font{\mathgroup\symoperators}
\DeclareSymbolFont{italic}{OT1}{txr}{m}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{italic}{bold}{OT1}{txr}{bx}{it}
\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathrm}{operators}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathbf}{OT1}{txr}{bx}{n}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathit}{OT1}{txr}{m}{it}
\SetMathAlphabet{\mathit}{bold}{OT1}{txr}{bx}{it}
\DeclareSymbolFont{letters}{OML}{txmi}{m}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{letters}{bold}{OML}{txmi}{bx}{it}
\DeclareFontSubstitution{OML}{txmi}{m}{it}
\DeclareSymbolFont{lettersA}{U}{txmia}{m}{it}
\SetSymbolFont{lettersA}{bold}{U}{txmia}{bx}{it}
\DeclareFontSubstitution{U}{txmia}{m}{it}
\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\mathfrak}{lettersA}
\DeclareSymbolFont{symbols}{OMS}{txsy}{m}{n}
\SetSymbolFont{symbols}{bold}{OMS}{txsy}{bx}{n}
\DeclareFontSubstitution{OMS}{txsy}{m}{n}
I trust it won't be too hard to figure out how to mix-and-match the various combinations.