Assuming you load natbib with its super option, you could take the code natbib is executing in case super isn't used and add it to the code executed at the start of floats.
EDIT: Or, as Joseph Wright has commented, "Why not just use \citenum?"
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[super]{natbib}
% \makeatletter
% \g@addto@macro\@floatboxreset{%
% \let\NAT@mbox=\mbox
% \let\@cite\NAT@citenum
% \let\NAT@space\NAT@spacechar
% \let\NAT@super@kern\relax
% }
% \makeatother
\usepackage{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib}
@misc{A01,
author = {Author, A.},
year = {2001},
title = {Alpha},
}
\end{filecontents}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\rule{1cm}{1cm}
\caption{A figure (taken from \emph{ref. \citenum{A01}})}
\end{figure}
Some text.\citep{A01}
\bibliographystyle{rsc}
\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}

\citereferences entries in a bibliography, while you mention referencing figures. Are you referencing a figure in a some bib entry? Also, the default reference style for\cite(and\ref) is not superscripted. What\documentclassare you using? Even better, please provide a minimal working example (MWE) that clearly illustrates your problem. – Werner Apr 2 '12 at 17:24\citewould modify the output when the ordering of the bibliography changes - this is a default feature (for\refas well). Please include a small minimal example of a document that includes your current setup. Also include a screen shot of the output so members can clearly distinguish between the current and desired output. – Werner Apr 2 '12 at 17:36\citenum? – Joseph Wright♦ Apr 17 '12 at 20:51