Howdy those are the brackets for the short-institute which may be defined as follows:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{CambridgeUS}
\title{Title of my talk}
\author{John Smith}
\date{April 12, 2047}
\institute[short]{test}
\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage }
\end{document}
To get rid of those brackets you need to alter the theme:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{CambridgeUS}
\makeatletter
\setbeamertemplate{footline}
{
\leavevmode%
\hbox{%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.333333\paperwidth,ht=2.25ex,dp=1ex,center]{author in head/foot}%
\usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}\insertshortauthor~~\beamer@ifempty{\insertshortinstitute}{}{\insertshortinstitute}
\end{beamercolorbox}%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.333333\paperwidth,ht=2.25ex,dp=1ex,center]{title in head/foot}%
\usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}\insertshorttitle
\end{beamercolorbox}%
\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.333333\paperwidth,ht=2.25ex,dp=1ex,right]{date in head/foot}%
\usebeamerfont{date in head/foot}\insertshortdate{}\hspace*{2em}
\insertframenumber{} / \inserttotalframenumber\hspace*{2ex}
\end{beamercolorbox}}%
\vskip0pt%
}
\makeatother
\title{Title of my talk}
\author{John Smith}
\date{April 12, 2047}
\institute[short]{test}
\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage}
\end{document}
This is exactly the definition as found in beamerouterthemeinfolines.sty (which is used by CambridgeUS) minus the brackets. (If you don't want to display an institute just leave it blank)
Update 12/2012
There has been an update which automatically checks if \institute is used or not. So with newer beamer versions, there should be no brackets at all, as long nowhere \institute is called. Checked with version 3.24 A of the beamer class.