Here's a way with the help of expl3 and collcell:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{collcell,xparse}
\ExplSyntaxOn
\NewDocumentCommand{\requiredModules}{m}
{
\seq_set_split:Nnn \l_david_required_seq { , }{ #1 }
}
\NewDocumentCommand{\checkRequired}{m}
{
\seq_if_in:NnTF \l_david_required_seq { #1 } { \textbullet\ } { $\circ$\ } #1
}
\seq_new:N \l_david_required_seq
\ExplSyntaxOff
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\collectcell\checkRequired}p{#1}<{\endcollectcell}}
\begin{document}
\requiredModules{Module02,Module04}
\begin{tabular}[t]{P{1.8cm}P{1.8cm}}
Module01 & Module02 \\
Module03 & Module04 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
You declare the list of required modules and then prepare the table only changing the p specifiers to P.
Each table entry is checked against the list and, if present, a bullet is printed, otherwise a hollow circle.

The list is reset when \requiredModules is found. So you can even reuse a big table:
\newcommand{\moduletable}{%
\begin{tabular}[t]{P{1.8cm}P{1.8cm}}
\hline
Module01 & Module02 \\
Module03 & Module04 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
Then
\requiredModules{Module01,Module04}\moduletable
\requiredModules{Module01,Module02}\moduletable
would print

If you have defined the table as above, you can simplify the final input by adding another definition:
\newcommand{\generateModuleTable}[1]{%
\requiredModules{#1}\moduletable}
So, the full code for printing the two tables above would be
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{collcell,xparse}
\ExplSyntaxOn
\NewDocumentCommand{\requiredModules}{m}
{
\seq_set_split:Nnn \l_david_required_seq { , }{ #1 }
}
\NewDocumentCommand{\checkRequired}{m}
{
\seq_if_in:NnTF \l_david_required_seq { #1 } { \textbullet\ } { $\circ$\ } #1
}
\seq_new:N \l_david_required_seq
\ExplSyntaxOff
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{>{\collectcell\checkRequired}p{#1}<{\endcollectcell}}
%%% Define the big table
\newcommand{\moduletable}{%
\begin{tabular}[t]{P{1.8cm}P{1.8cm}}
\hline
Module01 & Module02 \\
Module03 & Module04 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\newcommand{\generateModuleTable}[1]{%
\requiredModules{#1}\moduletable}
\begin{document}
\generateModuleTable{Module01,Module04}
\generateModuleTable{Module01,Module02}
\end{document}