For a one-column abstract the UK TeX FAQ, 1-column abstract in 2-column document is a good start, though in case of achemso some additional tinkering with \maketitle is necessary.
To tweak the caption font simply use \captionsetup{font={sf,small}} as hinted by Joseph.
\documentclass[journal=jacsat,manuscript=article,layout=twocolumn]{achemso}
\captionsetup{font={sf,small}}
\newcommand*{\sometext}{Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,
adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu
libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputate a, magna.}
\let\oldmaketitle\maketitle
\let\maketitle\relax
\author{(Author)}
\title{(Title)}
\email{author@world}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[
\begin{@twocolumnfalse}
\oldmaketitle
\begin{abstract}
\sometext
\end{abstract}
\end{@twocolumnfalse}
]
\sometext
\begin{figure}
\rule{1cm}{1cm}
\caption{A figure}
\end{figure}
\end{document}

captionpackage to do the set up of captions: you can use that to alter things. – Joseph Wright♦ Sep 11 '12 at 15:09