Okay. Just to have a starting point run the following MWE (store it in a separate directory to avoid changing your file Facharbeit.bib). On my system it runs without problems. Please see that I deleted libertineotf because I run it with pdflatex and then libertineotf throws errors.
%http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/78820/empty-bibliography-and-undefined-references
%\RequirePackage[ngerman=ngerman-x-2012-05-30]{hyphsubst}
\RequirePackage{filecontents}
%writing file Facharbeit.bib
\begin{filecontents*}{Facharbeit.bib}
@PREAMBLE{ "\providecommand*{\BibTeX}{Bib\TeX} " }
@book{mierau,
address = {München},
title = {Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik: deutsche Asien-Expeditionen 1933 -- 1945},
isbn = {3-8316-0409-6},
shorttitle = {Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik},
publisher = {Utz},
author = {Mierau, Peter},
year = {2006},
file = {DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek:C:\Users\ericdanielski\Desktop\FirefoxPortable\Data\profile\zotero\storage\PCUH3IQM\opac.htm;jsessionid=61596D477EE425917EC0601AF3FE83BB.html:text/html}
}
\end{filecontents*}
\listfiles %used packages in log
\documentclass[ngerman, fontsize=12pt]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage[autostyle=true, german=quotes]{csquotes}
\usepackage[backend=biber]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{Facharbeit.bib}
\title{Wissenschaftliche Auswirkungen der Tibet-Expeditionen während der NS-Zeit}
\author{Eric Danielski}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Vorwort}
Eric Danielski. \cite{mierau}
\section{Anhang}
\printbibliography
\end{document}
Is the field file in your bib file necceccary?
bibtexorbiber? Which way? What is the content of yourbibfile? – Kurt Oct 23 '12 at 19:26\cite{mierau}but you have onlyDietrichin yourbibfile ... – Kurt Oct 23 '12 at 19:40