I find that in the presence together of packages hyperref and xeCJK, in either order, raises an Improper alphabetic constant error with an em-dash in commands \section, \subsection, etc. This happens with TeXLive 2012 but not 2011. Here is an MWE:
%!TEX TS-program = xelatex
%!TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xeCJK}
\usepackage{hyperref} % adds clickable links to TOC
\begin{document}
\section{O my swineherd!}
\subsection{Em-dash --- in subsection}
\end{document}
An en-dash does not cause the same problem.
The temporary expedient of
\usepackage[unicode,psdextra]{hyperref}
offered at http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/69354/3935 does not work here; the temporary expedient of
\subsection{Em-dash \texorpdfstring{---}{} in subsection}
following http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/69338/3935 does work, but I'd rather clear up the underlying problem. Any thoughts?
For now, I've reverted to TeXLive 2011.