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I think that bm can be helpful: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{bm} \newcommand{\tn}[1]{\bm{\mathsf{#1}}} \begin{document} Good sizes (and $\mathsf{A}$ for comparison) $h=\tn{A}+\tn{B}^2 + \hat{\tn{C}}$ But the sizes are bad when superscripts or subscripts are involved ...

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For automatic sizing of material in subscript and superscript positions, don't use the basic \mbox command. (Here, "basic" means "defined in the LaTeX kernel.) Instead, be sure to load the amsmath package and use the \text command. The setup of the \tn macro should thus be as follows: \newcommand{\tn}[1]{\text{\boldmath$\mathsf{#1}$}} Because \tn only ...

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I suggest you create a dedicated macro called, say, \tran to act as the transpose operator. It's no problem to set it up in such a way that its height above the baseline is invariant to what characters may precede it. If you want to use the \top symbol to denote the transpose, I would suggest you reduce its size via a \scriptscriptstyle directive. ...

22

It is better to use the bm package for bold math italics, as it gets the positioning of accents and the spacing for sub- and superscripts right. The bm package will also redefine \boldsymbol, so you don't have to replace all \boldsymbol with \bm throughout the document. Therefore, make sure to load bm after amsbsy, which is loaded by amsmath. Still, I ...

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Add a {} and superscript that. \documentclass[]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} $\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}{}^{*} = \hat{\beta}^{*}$ \end{document} However, if one still wanted an unbolded hat, but better kerning, perhaps this addition, as well: \documentclass[]{article} \usepackage{amsmath} \begin{document} \[ ...

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As has already been noted in some of the comments, don't use \left and \right indiscrimately. If you do not want the extra spacing around the automatically sized parentheses but, for some reason, want automatically sized parentheses, load the mleftright package and use \mleft and \mright. (A direct redefinition of \left and \right of the type you're ...

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Just add the nomove option to cite: \usepackage[superscript, biblabel, nomove]{cite}

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You text have more than one character, hence you should write \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{} \multicolumn{5}{|c|}{$P_d^o$} & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\mathrm{P}_d^o$} \\ etc. in the line in question. (Alternative variants shown).

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Integral "bounds" -- better say limits -- can be nested, for example $\int_{a_{\max}}^{b_{\min}}$ In your problem in case of the inline math you can write $\int_{\Gamma^{-\varepsilon}}$ or in the case of display style: \documentclass[border=3mm,preview]{standalone} \begin{document} \[ \int_{\Gamma^{-\varepsilon}} \quad\mathrm{or}\quad ...

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A simple solution: Encase the closing round parenthesis, ), in a pair of curly braces: {)}. Doing so changes the status of the parenthesis from "math-close" to "math-ordinary", which influences the height of the subsequent T superscript. \documentclass{article} \begin{document} $(\mathbf{A}^{\!-1})^{T}$ vs.\ $(\mathbf{A}^{\!-1}{)}^{T}$ % ")" is encased ...

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As it is it is just a superscript on the ) so unaffected by the inner superscript. If you enclose the term in {} then it is a superscript on the whole term and so affected by its height: \def\fat#1{#1} $(\fat{A}^{-1})^{T}$ ${(\fat{A}^{-1})}^{T}$ \bye To compare with the suggestion in comments to use {)} that does raise it a bit but doesn't take ...

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