Question marks instead of citation

Question

I'm a new user for LaTeX, I'm using svmult for springer, but there sth I can't get it about thebibliography. I use the following packages:

\documentclass[10pt]{svmult}
%
\usepackage{makeidx}         
\usepackage{graphicx}        
\usepackage{multicol}  
\usepackage{amsmath}         
\usepackage{eqnarray}  
\usepackage{subeqnarray}
\usepackage{cite}    
\usepackage{url}  
\usepackage[bottom]{footmisc}    % places footnotes at page 
%
%
% the input bibligraphy file
\begin{thebibliography}{23}
\bibitem[%no.]{%type}
\end{thebibliography}

I get a question marks ?? instead of citation numbers besides.

Another thing I don't know how to access to sec or figure by cross-references, in the reference guide the recommended oribibl but it doesn't work with me.

I got the whole package of CTAN by MiKTeX 2.9

if there is any forgotten one in the above code

## Example ##

\documentclass[10pt]{svmult}

\usepackage{makeidx}         
\usepackage{graphicx}        
\usepackage{multicol}  
\usepackage{amsmath}         
\usepackage{eqnarray}  
\usepackage{subeqnarray}
\usepackage{cite}    
\usepackage{url}  
\usepackage[bottom]{footmisc}

\makeindex 

%%

\begin{document}
\title*{My examle}
\author{Hend \inst{1}}
\institute{University
  \texttt{sth@gmail.com}}
%%
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
first paragraph
\\
\keywords{keywords}
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}
Ref one goes here
\cite{[1]}.  
\paragraph{}
multi-ref
\cite{2--4}.
\input{exreference}
%%%
\printindex
\end{document}

And the input reference as

\begin{thebibliography}{23}

%references
\bibitem[1]{journal} Krippner, P., Beer, D.: AOI testing positions in comparisons. Circuit Assembly, \textbf{15}, 26--32 (2004)

\bibitem[2]{journal} Jiang, B.C., Wang, C.C., Hsu, Y.N.: Machine vision and background remover-based approach for PCB solder joints inspection. International Journal of Production Research, \textbf{45}, 451--464 (2007)

\bibitem[3]{journal} Acciani, G., Brunetti, G., Fornarelli, G.: A multiple neural network system to classify solder joints on integrated circuits. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, \textbf{2}, 337--348 (2006) 

\bibitem[4]{journal} Mar, N.S.S., Fookes, C., Yarlagadda, P.K.D.V.: Design and development of automatic visual inspection system for PCB manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, \textbf{27}, 949--962 (2011)
\end{thebibliography}

Answer 1

The arguments to \bibitem are

1. An optional “identification”
2. A mandatory key for reference

So with

\bibitem[KB]{Krippner-Beer2004} ...

you'd get

[KB]

when inputting \cite{Krippner-Beer2004}. The key is an arbitrary string that identifies univocally the item.

You probably don't want symbolic references, but numeric ones, so you shouldn't use the optional argument.

Modify your bibliography subfile like

\begin{thebibliography}{4}

%references
\bibitem{KB2004} Krippner, P., Beer, D.: AOI testing positions in comparisons. Circuit Assembly, \textbf{15}, 26--32 (2004)

\bibitem{JWH2007} Jiang, B.C., Wang, C.C., Hsu, Y.N.: Machine vision and background remover-based approach for PCB solder joints inspection. International Journal of Production Research, \textbf{45}, 451--464 (2007)

\bibitem{ABF2006} Acciani, G., Brunetti, G., Fornarelli, G.: A multiple neural network system to classify solder joints on integrated circuits. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, \textbf{2}, 337--348 (2006) 

\bibitem{MFY2011} Mar, N.S.S., Fookes, C., Yarlagadda, P.K.D.V.: Design and development of automatic visual inspection system for PCB manufacturing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, \textbf{27}, 949--962 (2011)

\end{thebibliography}

and use \cite{MFY2011} when you want to cite the last paper. For a range, use

\cite{JWH2007}--\cite{MFY2011}

---

Unrelated, but important: it's

\abstract{Sirst paragraph

Second paragraph

\keywords{keywords}
}

and not

\begin{abstract}
first paragraph
\\
\keywords{keywords}
\end{abstract}

because \abstract is a command with argument and not an environment in svmult