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I have a variable with a subscript describer P_{\rm 1S} I'd like to square it.
First a style question: is (P_{\rm 1S})^2 or P_{\rm 1S}^2 better? The programming part of the problem is that the latter aligns the superscript vertically above the subscript, I would like the power to be aligned further to the right distinct from the variable and its descriptors. Is there a simple way to do this?
Instead of $(P_{\rm 1S})^2$ (which is the most precise) you can also write ${P_{\rm 1S}}^2$ (which should be also clear). However, as it is mentioned by egreg, P_\mathrm{1S} is better than P_{\rm 1S}, as \rm is obsolete in LaTeX2epsilon.
x^a{}_b{}^c. (please take this as a model, not an actual case.)\rm, use\text{}