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I can try to draw this in TikZ:
I managed to draw the coordinate axis. The first image is in cylindrical coordinates and the second in spherical coordinates. I don't know draw in spherical coordinate system, the arrow labels, curved lines, and many other things.
I have started to read the manual of Till Tantau, but for now I'm a newbie with TikZ and I don't understand many things of this manual.
I don't understand the 3D behavior of tikz very well, but here's a way to do one of your pictures in Asymptote using a bunch of lines, arcs, and labels.
A few of the built-in Asymptote commands I used:
X is the unit vector (1,0,0) similarly for Y and ZUpdated to incorporate a few of Charles Staats' suggestions
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{asymptote}
\begin{document}
\begin{asy}[width=0.5\textwidth]
settings.render=6;
settings.prc=false;
import three;
import graph3;
import grid3;
currentprojection=orthographic(1,-0.175,0.33,up=Z);
//Draw Axes
pen thickblack = black+0.75;
real axislength = 1.33;
draw(L=Label("$x$", position=Relative(1.1), align=SW), O--axislength*X,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$y$", position=Relative(1.1), align=N), O--axislength*Y,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$z$", position=Relative(1.1), align=N), O--axislength*Z,thickblack, Arrow3);
//Set parameters of start corner of polar volume element
real r = 1;
real q=0.3pi; //theta
real f=0.35pi; //phi
real dq=0.15; //dtheta
real df=0.3; //dphi
real dr=0.1;
// Arq is A + dr*rhat + dq*qhat, etc
triple A = r*expi(q,f);
triple Ar = (r+dr)*expi(q,f);
triple Aq = r*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Arq = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Af = r*expi(q,f+df);
triple Arf = (r+dr)*expi(q,f+df);
triple Aqf = r*expi(q+dq,f+df);
triple Arqf = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f+df);
pen thingray = gray+0.33;
draw(A--Ar);
draw(Aq--Arq);
draw(Af--Arf);
draw(Aqf--Arqf);
draw( arc(O,A,Aq) ,thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Af,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,Arf,Arqf) );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,A,Af),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Aq,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arf) );
draw( arc(O,Arq,Arqf) );
pen thinblack = black+0.25;
//phi arcs
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f),thinblack);
draw("$\varphi$", arc(O,0.5*X,0.5*expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f+df),thinblack);
draw( "$d\varphi$", arc(O,expi(pi/2,f),expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack );
draw( A.z*Z -- A,thinblack);
draw(L=Label("$r\sin{\theta}$",position=Relative(0.5),align=N), A.z*Z -- Af,thinblack);
//cotheta arcs
draw( arc(O,Aq,expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack );
draw( arc(O,Aqf,expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack);
//theta arcs
draw(O--A,thinblack);
draw(O--Aq,thinblack);
draw("$\theta$", arc(O,0.25*length(A)*Z,0.25*A),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$d\theta$",position=Relative(0.5),align=NE) ,arc(O,0.66*A,0.66*Aq),thinblack );
// inner surface
triple rin(pair t) { return r*expi(t.x,t.y);}
surface inner=surface(rin,(q,f),(q+dq,f+df),16,16);
draw(inner,emissive(gray+opacity(0.33)));
//part of a nearly transparent sphere to help see perspective
surface sphere=surface(rin,(0,0),(pi/2,pi/2),16,16);
draw(sphere,emissive(gray+opacity(0.125)));
// dr and rdtheta labels
draw(L=Label("$dr$",position=Relative(1.1)), Af + 0.5*(Arf-Af)--Af + 0.5*(Arf-Af)+0.25*Z,dotted);
triple U=expi(q+0.5*dq,f);
draw(L=Label("$rd\theta$",position=Relative(1.1)), r*U ---r*(1.33*U.x,1.33*U.y,U.z),dotted );
\end{asy}
\end{document}
Update #2
Charles Staats pointed out good parameters for an oblique projection, which better matches the original picture. Using currentprojection=obliqueX, width=\textwidth, and editing the labels a bit to better suit this projection:
Orthographic code:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{asymptote}
\begin{document}
\begin{asy}[width=\textwidth]
settings.render=6;
settings.prc=false;
import three;
import graph3;
import grid3;
currentprojection=obliqueX;
//Draw Axes
pen thickblack = black+0.75;
real axislength = 1.0;
draw(L=Label("$x$", position=Relative(1.1), align=SW), O--axislength*X,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$y$", position=Relative(1.1), align=E), O--axislength*Y,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$z$", position=Relative(1.1), align=N), O--axislength*Z,thickblack, Arrow3);
//Set parameters of start corner of polar volume element
real r = 1;
real q=0.25pi; //theta
real f=0.3pi; //phi
real dq=0.15; //dtheta
real df=0.15; //dphi
real dr=0.15;
triple A = r*expi(q,f);
triple Ar = (r+dr)*expi(q,f);
triple Aq = r*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Arq = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Af = r*expi(q,f+df);
triple Arf = (r+dr)*expi(q,f+df);
triple Aqf = r*expi(q+dq,f+df);
triple Arqf = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f+df);
pen thingray = gray+0.33;
draw(A--Ar);
draw(Aq--Arq);
draw(Af--Arf);
draw(Aqf--Arqf);
draw( arc(O,A,Aq) ,thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Af,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,Arf,Arqf) );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,A,Af),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Aq,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arf) );
draw( arc(O,Arq,Arqf) );
pen thinblack = black+0.25;
//phi arcs
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f),thinblack);
draw("$\varphi$", arc(O,0.5*X,0.5*expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f+df),thinblack);
draw( "$d\varphi$", arc(O,expi(pi/2,f),expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack );
draw( A.z*Z -- A,thinblack);
draw(L=Label("$r\sin{\theta}$",position=Relative(0.5),align=N), A.z*Z -- Af,thinblack);
//cotheta arcs
draw( arc(O,Aq,expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack );
draw( arc(O,Aqf,expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack);
//theta arcs
draw(O--A,thinblack);
draw(O--Aq,thinblack);
draw("$\theta$", arc(O,0.25*length(A)*Z,0.25*A),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$d\theta$",position=Relative(0.5),align=NE) ,arc(O,0.66*A,0.66*Aq),thinblack );
// inner surface
triple rin(pair t) { return r*expi(t.x,t.y);}
surface inner=surface(rin,(q,f),(q+dq,f+df),16,16);
draw(inner,emissive(gray+opacity(0.33)));
//part of a nearly transparent sphere to help see perspective
surface sphere=surface(rin,(0,0),(pi/2,pi/2),16,16);
draw(sphere,emissive(gray+opacity(0.125)));
// dr and rdtheta labels
triple V= Af + 0.5*(Arf-Af);
draw(L=Label("$dr$",position=Relative(1.1)), V--(1.5*V.x,1.5*V.y,V.z),dotted);
triple U=expi(q+0.5*dq,f);
draw(L=Label("$rd\theta$",position=Relative(1.1)), r*U ---r*(1.66*U.x,1.66*U.y,U.z),dotted );
\end{asy}
\end{document}
gray+opacity(0.25) by emissive(gray+opacity(0.25)).
Feb 15, 2014 at 0:28
obliqueX in Asymptote.
Feb 15, 2014 at 0:34
obliqueX! Unfortunately [and it may just be the (theta,phi) values I chose] I find it much harder to see the dr length when using this perspective.
Feb 15, 2014 at 1:03
I have prepared a lecture notes on electromagnetic field theory for my students. I have drawn surfaces used in cylindrical coordinate system. For this I have used tikz-3dplot package. Here is the code and output. I hope this is a starting point for you.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz,tikz-3dplot}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\tdplotsetmaincoords{70}{120}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords][scale=0.75]
\tikzstyle{every node}=[font=\small]
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (6,0,0) node[anchor=north east]{$x$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,6,0) node[anchor=north west]{$y$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,6) node[anchor=south]{$z$};
\draw [thick](0,0,0) circle (3);
\draw [thick](0,0,4) circle (3);
\draw [thick](1.9,-2.35,0) -- (1.9,-2.35,4) node[midway, left]{$r=r_1$ surface};
\draw [thick](-1.9,2.35,0) -- (-1.9,2.35,4);
\filldraw[fill=orange, nearly transparent] (-4,-4,4) -- (4,-4,4) -- (4,5,4) -- (-4,5,4) -- (-4,-4,4);
\filldraw[fill=blue, nearly transparent] (0,0,4) -- (5.2,6,4) -- (5.2,6,0) -- (0,0,0) -- (0,0,4);
\filldraw [color=blue](2,2.25,4) circle (0.075cm) ;
\draw (-4,5,4) node[anchor=south]{$z=z_1$ plane};
\draw (5.2,6,0) node[anchor=south west]{$\phi=\phi_1$ plane};
\node at (1.8,1,4) { $P_1(r_1,\phi_1,z_1)$};
\draw[ultra thick,-latex](2,2.25,4) -- (3,3.45,4) node[anchor=north] {$\mathbf{a}_r$};
\draw[ultra thick,-latex](2,2.25,4) -- (1,2.5,4) node[anchor=north west] {$\mathbf{a}_\phi$};
\draw[ultra thick,-latex](2,2.25,4) -- (2,2.25,4.75) node[anchor=north west] {$\mathbf{a}_z$};
\draw [thick,->](4,0,0) arc (0:45:4 and 4.5);
\draw (3.6,2,0) node[anchor=north] {$\phi_1$};
\draw[ultra thick,-latex](0,0,0) -- (2,2.35,0);
\draw (1,1,0) node[anchor=north] {$r_1$};
\draw [ultra thick] (2,2.25,4)--(1.95,2.25,0);
\draw[ultra thick](0.1,0,4) -- (-0.1,0,4) node[anchor=south west] {$z_1$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
circle for making the illustration, but I don't need a complete cylinder, how I can take only the part between the x axis and the y axis?
3dplot.sty, probably you already have tikz-3dplot in your distribution without manually downloading an old version from the Internet.
First, I want to give all the credit to @mrc . His work is quite good.
I want to complete a few details on his work. Basically he is missing
two segments which makes sometimes the visualization difficult. For example
the bottom of the cube, could look like the side towards the reader due to the missing two segments. Small details are arrows for angles increments, tilted text, smaller fonts, and different perspective, but again I am building on top of @mrc work.
\begin{asy}[]
if(!settings.multipleView) settings.batchView=false;
import three;
settings.tex="pdflatex";
defaultfilename="input-1";
if(settings.render < 0) settings.render=40;
settings.outformat="";
settings.inlineimage=true;
settings.embed=true;
settings.toolbar=false;
defaultpen(fontsize(8pt));
size(9.5cm);
settings.outformat="pdf";
settings.prc=false;
import graph3;
import grid3;
currentprojection=orthographic(
camera=(2.9637389483254,1.48144594554777,1.03154384251566),
up=(-0.00245695858860577,0.00028972293310393,0.00664306468788549),
target=(0,0,0),
zoom=0.971150237157127);
//Draw Axes
pen thickblack = black+0.75;
real axislength = 1.0;
draw(L=Label("$x$", position=Relative(1.1), align=SW),
O--axislength*X,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$y$", position=Relative(1.1), align=E),
O--axislength*Y,thickblack, Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$z$", position=Relative(1.1), align=N),
O--axislength*Z,thickblack, Arrow3);
//Set parameters of start corner of polar volume element
real r = 0.8;
real q=0.25pi; //theta
real f=0.3pi; //phi
real dq=0.25; //dtheta
real df=0.25; //dphi
real dr=0.15;
triple A = r*expi(q,f);
triple Ar = (r+dr)*expi(q,f);
triple Aq = r*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Arq = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f);
triple Af = r*expi(q,f+df);
triple Arf = (r+dr)*expi(q,f+df);
triple Aqf = r*expi(q+dq,f+df);
triple Arqf = (r+dr)*expi(q+dq,f+df);
//label("$A$",A);
//label("$Ar$",Ar);
//label("$Aq$",Aq);
//label("$Arq$",Arq);
//label("$Af$",Af);
//label("$Aqf$",Aqf);
//label("$Arf$",Arf);
//label("$\; \; \quad Arqf$",Arqf);
pen thingray = gray+0.33;
draw(A--Ar);
draw(Aq--Arq);
draw(Af--Arf);
draw(Aqf--Arqf);
draw(O--Af, dashed);
draw(O--Aqf);
draw( arc(O,A,Aq) ,thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Af,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,Arf,Arqf) );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arq) );
draw( arc(O,A,Af),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Aq,Aqf),thickblack );
draw( arc(O,Ar,Arf) );
draw( arc(O,Arq,Arqf));
pen thinblack = black+0.25;
//phi arcs
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f),thinblack);
draw("$\phi$", arc(O,0.5*X,0.5*expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(O--expi(pi/2,f+df),thinblack);
draw( "$d\phi$", arc(O,expi(pi/2,f),expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack , Arrow3);
draw( A.z*Z -- A,thinblack);
draw(L=Label(rotate(-5)*"$r\sin{\theta}$",position=Relative(0.5),align=N), A.z*Z -- Af,thinblack);
//cotheta arcs
draw( arc(O,Aq,expi(pi/2,f)),thinblack );
draw( arc(O,Aqf,expi(pi/2,f+df) ),thinblack);
//theta arcs
draw(O--A,thinblack);
draw(O--Aq,thinblack);
draw(L=Label("$\theta$",position=Relative(0.5), align=NE),
arc(O,0.25*length(A)*Z,0.25*A),thinblack,Arrow3);
draw(L=Label("$d\theta$",position=Relative(0.5),align=NE) ,arc(O,0.66*A,0.66*Aq),
thinblack, Arrow3 );
// inner surface
triple rin(pair t) { return r*expi(t.x,t.y);}
triple rout(pair t) { return 1.24*r*expi(t.x,t.y);}
surface inner=surface(rin,(q,f),(q+dq,f+df),16,16);
draw(inner,emissive(gray+opacity(0.33)));
// surface sider=surface(rin,(f,r),(f+df,r+dr),16,16);
// draw(sider,emissive(gray+opacity(0.33)));
//part of a nearly transparent sphere to help see perspective
surface sphere=surface(rout,(0,0),(pi/2,pi/2),26,26);
draw(sphere,emissive(gray+opacity(0.125)));
// dr and rdtheta labels
triple V= Af + 0.5*(Arf-Af);
draw(L=Label("$dr$",position=Relative(1.1)), V--(1.5*V.x,1.5*V.y,V.z),dotted);
triple U=expi(q+0.5*dq,f);
draw(L=Label("$rd\theta$",position=Relative(1.1)),
r*U ---r*(1.66*U.x,1.66*U.y,U.z),dotted );
\end{asy}
I came up with this when I was trying to make my university notes more vivid:
\documentclass[border=3pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\begin{document}
%Axis Angles
\tdplotsetmaincoords{70}{110}
%Macros
\pgfmathsetmacro{\rvec}{6}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\thetavec}{40}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\phivec}{45}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\dphivec}{20}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\dthetavec}{20}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\drvec}{1.5}
%Layers
\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfdeclarelayer{foreground}
\pgfsetlayers{background, main, foreground}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords]
%Coordinates
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
\tdplotsetcoord{A}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{B}{\rvec}{\thetavec + \dthetavec}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{C}{\rvec}{\thetavec + \dthetavec}{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{D}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{E}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{F}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec + \dthetavec}{\phivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{F'}{\rvec + \drvec}{90}{\phivec} \tdplotsetcoord{G}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec + \dthetavec}{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{G'}{\rvec + \drvec}{90}{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotsetcoord{H}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec}{\phivec + \dphivec}
%Axis
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (7,0,0) node[pos=1.1]{$x$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,7,0) node[pos=1.05]{$y$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,6) node[pos=1.05]{$z$};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Help Lines
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
%Up
\draw[thick, blue] (O) -- (A) node[pos=0.6, above left, blue] {$r$};
\draw (O) -- (B);
\draw (O) -- (C);
\draw[dashed] (O) -- (D);
%Down
\draw (O) -- (F');
\draw (O) -- (G');
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
%%Help Curves
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{\rvec}{\thetavec+\dthetavec}{90}{}{}
%
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{\rvec+\drvec}{\thetavec+\dthetavec}{90}{}{}
%
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec+\dphivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, dashed]{(O)}{\rvec}{\thetavec+\dthetavec}{90}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords]{(O)}{\rvec+\drvec}{\thetavec+\dthetavec}{90}{}{}
%
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_main_coords]{(O)}{\rvec}{\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
%
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_main_coords]{(O)}{\rvec+\drvec}{\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{below, rotate=13}{$r\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\phi$}
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Angles
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
%Phi, dPhi
\tdplotdrawarc[-stealth]{(O)}{0.9}{0}{\phivec}{anchor=north}{$\phi$}
\tdplotdrawarc[-stealth]{(O)}{1.5}{\phivec}{\phivec + \dphivec}{}{}
\node at (1.4,1.9,0) {$\mathrm{d}\phi$};
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
%Theta, dTheta
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords,-stealth]{(0,0,0)}{1.2}{0}{\thetavec}{}{}
\node at (0,0.3,1.3) {$\theta$};
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords,-stealth]{(0,0,0)}{2.5}{\thetavec}{\thetavec + \dthetavec}{anchor=south west}{$\mathrm{d}\theta$}
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Differential Volume
%%Lines
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
\draw[thick] (A) -- (E) node[midway, above left]{$\mathrm{d}r$};
\draw[thick] (B) -- (F);
\draw[thick] (C) -- (G);
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw[dashed, thick] (D) -- (H);
\end{pgfonlayer}
%%Curved
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{55}{-50.4313}{-6.4086}
\tdplotdrawarc[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec}{0}{12.8173}{}{}
%
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[dashed, tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\dthetavec + \thetavec}{}{}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec}{\thetavec}{\dthetavec + \thetavec}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec}{\dthetavec + \thetavec}{}{}
%
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\phivec + \dphivec}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec + \drvec}{\thetavec}{\dthetavec + \thetavec}{above right}{$r\mathrm{d}\theta$}
%
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{55}{-50.4313}{-6.4086}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec + \drvec}{0}{12.8173}{}{}
%
\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{55}{-30.3813}{-8.6492}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec}{0}{17.2983}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc[tdplot_rotated_coords, thick]{(O)}{\rvec + \drvec}{0}{17.2983}{}{}
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Fill Color
\begin{pgfonlayer}{main}
%Front
\fill[black, opacity=0.15] (E) to (A) to[bend left=4] (B) to (F) to[bend right=4] cycle;
\fill[black, opacity=0.6] (E) to[bend left=4] (F) to[bend left=2] (G) to[bend right=6.5] (H) to[bend right=4] cycle;
\fill[black, opacity=0.4] (F) to[bend left=2] (G) to[bend left=1.5] (C) to[bend right=2.5] (B) to[bend right=4] cycle;
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
%Back
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (A) to[bend left=2] (D) to[bend left=6] (C) to[bend right=2.5] (B) to[bend right=4] cycle;
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (A) to[bend left=2] (D) to (H) to[bend right=2.5] (E) to[bend right=4] cycle;
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (D) to (H) to[bend left=6] (G) to[bend right=2] (C) to[bend right=6] cycle;
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
With some modifications and a \newcommand for specifying coordinates in cylindrical manner the code and the figure are as follows:
\documentclass[border=3pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
%Cylindrical Coordinate
\newcommand{\cylindricalcoordinate}[4]{%
\coordinate (#4) at ({#1*cos(#2)},{#1*sin(#2)},{#3});%
\coordinate (#4xy) at ({#1*cos(#2)},{#1*sin(#2)},0);%
}
\begin{document}
%Axis Angles
\tdplotsetmaincoords{70}{110}
%Macros
\pgfmathsetmacro{\rvec}{5}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\phivec}{45}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\zvec}{4}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\drvec}{1.5}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\dphivec}{20}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\dzvec}{1}
%Layers
\pgfdeclarelayer{background}
\pgfdeclarelayer{foreground}
\pgfsetlayers{background, main, foreground}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords]
%Coordinates
\coordinate (O) at (0,0,0);
%%
\cylindricalcoordinate{\rvec}{\phivec}{\zvec}{A}
\cylindricalcoordinate{\rvec}{\phivec}{(\zvec+\dzvec)}{B}
\cylindricalcoordinate{\rvec}{(\phivec+\dphivec)}{\zvec}{C}
\cylindricalcoordinate{\rvec}{(\phivec+\dphivec)}{(\zvec+\dzvec)}{D}
%%
\cylindricalcoordinate{(\rvec+\drvec)}{\phivec}{\zvec}{A'}
\cylindricalcoordinate{(\rvec+\drvec)}{\phivec}{(\zvec+\dzvec)}{B'}
\cylindricalcoordinate{(\rvec+\drvec)}{(\phivec+\dphivec)}{\zvec}{C'}
\cylindricalcoordinate{(\rvec+\drvec)}{(\phivec+\dphivec)}{(\zvec+\dzvec)}{D'}
%Axis
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (6,0,0) node[pos=1.1]{$x$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,6,0) node[pos=1.05]{$y$};
\draw[thick,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,7) node[pos=1.05]{$z$};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Vectors
\begin{pgfonlayer}{main}
\draw[blue, thick] (O) -- (A);
\draw[thick] (O) -- (Axy) node [pos=0.6, below left] {$\varpi$};
\draw (A) -- ($(A)-(Axy)$) node [left] {$z$};
\draw (B) -- ($(A)-(Axy)+(0,0,\dzvec)$) node [left] {$z+\mathrm{d}z$};
\draw (D) -- ($(A)-(Axy)+(0,0,\dzvec)$);
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw[dashed] (C) -- ($(A)-(Axy)$) node [left] {$z$};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Help Lines
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw (A) -- (Axy);
\draw (A') -- (A'xy);
\draw[thick] (Axy) -- (A'xy) node [pos=0.6, below left] {$\mathrm{d}\varpi$};
%
\draw (O) -- (D'xy);
\draw[dashed] (C) -- (Dxy);
\draw (C') -- (C'xy);
%%Arcs
\tdplotdrawarc{(0,0,0)}{\rvec}{\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc{(0,0,0)}{\rvec+\drvec}{\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Angles
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
%Phi, dPhi
\tdplotdrawarc[-stealth]{(O)}{0.9}{0}{\phivec}{anchor=north}{$\phi$}
\tdplotdrawarc[-stealth]{(O)}{1.5}{\phivec}{\phivec + \dphivec}{}{}
\node at (1.4,1.9,0) {$\mathrm{d}\phi$};
\end{pgfonlayer}
%Differential Volume
%%Lines
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
\draw[thick] (A) -- (B) -- (B') -- (A') -- cycle node [midway, below] {$\mathrm{d}\varpi$};
\draw[thick] (D) -- (D') -- (C') node [midway, right] {$\mathrm{d}z$};
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\draw[thick, dashed] (C') -- (C) -- (D);
\end{pgfonlayer}
%%Curved
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
\tdplotdrawarc[thick, dashed]{(0,0,\zvec)}{\rvec} {\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{foreground}
\tdplotdrawarc[thick]{(0,0,\zvec+\dzvec)}{\rvec} {\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc[thick]{(0,0,\zvec+\dzvec)}{\rvec+\drvec} {\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{}{}
\tdplotdrawarc[thick]{(0,0,\zvec)}{\rvec+\drvec} {\phivec}{\phivec+\dphivec}{below}{$\varpi\mathrm{d}\phi$}
\end{pgfonlayer}
%%Fill Color
\begin{pgfonlayer}{main}
%Front
\fill[black, opacity=0.15] (B) to (B') to[bend right=4] (D') to (D) to[bend left=4] cycle;
\fill[black, opacity=0.6] (B') to[bend right=4] (D') to (C') to[bend left=4] (A') to cycle;
\fill[black, opacity=0.4] (B) to (B') to (A') to (A) to cycle;
\end{pgfonlayer}
\begin{pgfonlayer}{background}
%Back
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (D) to (D') to (C') to (C) to cycle;
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (B) to[bend right=4] (D) to (C) to[bend left=4] (A) to cycle;
\fill[black!50, opacity=0.5] (A) to (A') to[bend right=4] (C') to (C) to[bend left=4] cycle;
\end{pgfonlayer}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
I decided to do this figure from a very different prospective. Instead of including the problem here, I will point to the link where I included the code and figure. 3D spherical volumen element
It is important to avoid manual or sophisticated calculation of boundaries when drawing the projected cylinder. To this end, let me show a robust way with 3d-plot library (adapted from my other post):
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz,tikz-3dplot}
\begin{document}
\def\rotx{70}
\def\rotz{110}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{\rotx}{\rotz}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords][scale=0.75]
\tikzstyle{every node}=[font=\small]
\draw[dashed,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (6,0,0) node[anchor=north east]{$x$};
\draw[dashed,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,6,0) node[anchor=north west]{$y$};
\draw[dashed,-latex] (0,0,0) -- (0,0,6) node[anchor=south]{$z$};
\draw [thick](0,0,0) circle (3);
\draw [thick](0,0,4) circle (3);
% manual edges
\draw [dotted](1.9,-2.34,0) -- (1.9,-2.34,4) node[midway, left]{};
\draw [dotted](-1.9,2.35,0) -- (-1.9,2.35,4);
% automatic edges !
\pgfcoordinate{edge1_top}{ \pgfpointcylindrical{\rotz}{3}{4} };
\pgfcoordinate{edge1_bottom}{ \pgfpointcylindrical{\rotz}{3}{0} };
\draw[thick] (edge1_top) -- (edge1_bottom);
\pgfcoordinate{edge2_top}{ \pgfpointcylindrical{\rotz+180}{3}{4} };
\pgfcoordinate{edge2_bottom}{ \pgfpointcylindrical{\rotz+180}{3}{0} };
\draw[thick] (edge2_top) -- (edge2_bottom);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
Which gives this effect (manual edges are dotted, made bit imprecise on purpose)
