How does one type Chinese in LaTeX?

Question

Can anyone describe how one can type Chinese in LaTeX? When I compile this:

\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
 你好吗？
\end{document}

the resulting document shows nothing. For reference my IME is iBus 1.3.9 on Fedora 13.

Answer 1

The easiest way is (for Simplified Chinese document only):

% UTF-8 encoding
% Compile with latex+dvipdfmx, pdflatex, xelatex or lualatex
% XeLaTeX is recommanded
\documentclass[UTF8]{ctexart}
\begin{document}
文章内容。
\end{document}

or

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[UTF8]{ctex}
...

It is designed for Chinese typesetting. Font sizes, indentation, name translation, line spacing, ... everything is set.

For the latest version of ctex bundle (v2.x), XeLaTeX is well tested and supports Windows/Mac/Linux. The proper fonts preinstalled in the OS should be selected automatically.

---

If you just want to typeset only a few Chinese characters, you can use CJK with pdfLaTeX or xeCJK with XeLaTeX.

% Compile with xelatex
% UTF-8 encoding
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xeCJK}
\setCJKmainfont{SimSun}
\begin{document}
文章内容
\end{document}

or

% UTF-8 encoding, pdflatex or latex+dvipdfmx
% Simplified Chinese fonts should be installed
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{CJKutf8}
\AtBeginDvi{\input{zhwinfonts}}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{zhsong}
文章内容。
\clearpage\end{CJK*}
\end{document}

or

% UTF-8 encoding
% bad-looking fonts (CJKfonts package)
% latex+dvips, latex+dvipdfm(x) or pdflatex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{CJKutf8}
\begin{document}
\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{gbsn}
文章内容。
\clearpage\end{CJK*}
\end{document}

Answer 2

I use Chinese under XeLaTeX and the XeCJK package, which allow the use of CJK together with your own fonts. It's extremely convenient.

First, take a look at the explanation at Chou Pai-hsiang's website. This should get you started.

There are other important comments here on tex.SE about the use of fontspec and getting the full Chinese character set from two or more fonts, but you can worry about those matters later.

Answer 3

I recently ran into this on Fedora 16. You're seeing nothing due to not selecting the correct Chinese font, which is different on Windows, Mac and Linux.

The trick to finding the right font for a language on Linux is:

$ fc-list :lang=zh   

the default Chinese font on Fedora 16 is:

WenQuanYi Zen Hei,文泉驛正黑,文泉驿正黑:style=Regular

and on your Fedora 13 system it's likely to be:

AR PL UMing TW:style=Light
AR PL UMing CN:style=Light

(I'm from Taiwan so I use the Traditional Chinese variant ending in TW. You want "AR PL UMing CN" for simplified Chinese.) To install Chinese fonts etc on Fedora, run:

yum groupinstall 'Chinese Support'

Change your LaTeX source to:

\documentclass{article}
\setromanfont{AR PL UMing CN}
\begin{document}
你好吗？
\end{document}

and you should start seeing Chinese.

The above snippet was to help you diagnose the Chinese font problem. For real work I second the recommendation for the xeCJK package. My personal setup is documented here.

The inability to typeset the same Chinese, Japanese etc LaTeX source across Windows, Mac and Linux due to them having different fonts is a real pain but is not specific to XeTex. It's painful when using latex + dvipdfmx or pdflatex as well.

Answer 4

For ConTeXt users, this is simple.

First, use \mainlanguage[cn] and \setscript[hanzi] in the preamble to set the default language to Chinese. If you want only certain parts of the document to use Chinese, you can use \language[cn]{你好} within the document. If you want to place a little bit of English in the document, use \language[en]{hello} to ensure that the hyphenations appear correctly.

Next, the default fonts usually do not have Chinese characters, so you will need to create a typescript with Chinese fonts, then use \setupbodyfont to select that font. For details, see Getting started with Chinese in ConTeXt.

Answer 5

Just a note for my specific use case: I wanted to use a few Chinese characters in my .bib file (using biber) as Unicode; to compile them like that, I could successfully use package {ctex} - unfortunately, it breaks some of my formatting in the document class I otherwise use. It turns out, the package {CJKutf8} doesn't break for me - but unlike {ctex}, it cannot read unicode chars directly - we have to wrap them in an environment, which is inconvenient to me for a .bib file.

So, since I have only few, I decided to declare unicode characters manually, to use {CJKutf8} to "render" the glyph. Say I want to render only "文章" from the examples above - so first I look up the unicode sequence for them , using my utfinfo.pl:

$ echo 文章 | perl utfinfo.pl
Got 2 uchars
Char: '文' u: 25991 [0x6587] b: 230,150,135 [0xE6,0x96,0x87] n: CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH 6587 [CJK Unified Ideographs]
Char: '章' u: 31456 [0x7AE0] b: 231,171,160 [0xE7,0xAB,0xA0] n: CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH 7AE0 [CJK Unified Ideographs]

knowing that, a working MWE (and compilable with pdflatex test.tex) could be constructed using the guidelines in [Cjk mailing list] Problem with CJKchar:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{CJKutf8}

% NOTE: this may require the font simsun.ttc in the same directory as this .tex file!

% [http://lists.ffii.org/pipermail/cjk/2007-November/002045.html [Cjk] Problem with CJKchar]
\newcommand{\Chi}[2]{%
  \csname CJK*\endcsname{UTF8}{zhsong}%
    \CJKchar{#1}{#2}%
  \csname endCJK*\endcsname
}

% 文: 0x6587
% \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{6587}{\begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{zhsong}文\end{CJK*}} % nope
% \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{6587}{\CJKfamily{zhsong}文} %                 % nope
% \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{6587}{\CJKchar[UTF8]{"65}{"87}}               % nope
% \DeclareUnicodeCharacter{6587}{\Unicode{"65}{"87}} %               % cant use
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{6587}{\Chi{"65}{"87}} % YES!

% 章: 0x7AE0
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{7AE0}{\Chi{"7A}{"E0}} %

\AtBeginDvi{\input{zhwinfonts}} % MUST have! for \usepackage{CJKutf8}

\begin{document}

% macro test:
\Chi{"65}{"87}\Chi{"7A}{"E0}    % ok

% direct unicode chars:
文章                             % ok
\end{document}

EDIT: also note in the actual doc with bibliography, I had to have at least one \Chi{... in the main body of document, else the bibliography part crashed; putting it in \phantom doesn't work, and I don't like inserting spurious characters in my doc. It turns out, instead of a \Chi, one can "start up" the CJKutf8 environment "manually", like so:

\makeatletter
\let\CJK@ignorespaces\relax % else the below breaks..
\CJK@envStart{}{UTF8}{zhsong}
\makeatother
\printbibliography

Answer 6

For Linux users:

1. You need to install texlive-full to use "ctex" package:

sudo apt install texlive-full

2. Change editor's compiler to XeLatex.

3. Allow me to give you a very simple template:

\documentclass[a4paper,10pt]{article}
\usepackage{ctex} % 这里调用　ctex 包

%opening
\title{TITLE}
\author{MY NAME}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
\paragraph{现在应该可以看到中文了}
\end{document}

Answer 7

If the file compiled and the pdf built-in window popped up, only the Chinese characters missing out, here is the answer. The PDF file need to be "rendered" to display properly. In most cases the pdf rendering engine is poppler, no matter whater the built-in pdf reader is (okular, zathura). Rendering engine poppler needs poppler-data (rendering library) to render some language characters correctly. Just install it!