Center tikz vertically inside tabular cell

Question

The black tikz boxes/nodes are not vertically aligned inside the cells. Does anyone know how to do it? Thanks in advance, and please ignore irrelevant code, I know it's not very clean or straightforward!

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{arydshln}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\especialidade}[1]{\tikzstyle{block} = [rectangle, fill=black, 
    text width=0.25\columnwidth, text depth=0mm, text centered, text height=0.30cm, rounded corners]
    \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 1cm, auto]
    \node [block] (init) {\textcolor{white}{\textbf{#1}}};
    \end{tikzpicture}}

\begin{table}[h!]
\makebox[\linewidth]{
{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.5mm}
\setlength\tabcolsep{1mm}
\begin{tabular}{
    p{0.22\linewidth} p{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\linethickness{0.2mm}\framebox(10,10){}\hspace{3mm}}
    p{0.23\linewidth} p{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\linethickness{0.2mm}\framebox(10,10){}\hspace{3mm}}
    p{0.23\linewidth} p{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\linethickness{0.2mm}\framebox(10,10){}\hspace{3mm}}
    p{0.24\linewidth} p{0\linewidth} @{\linethickness{0.2mm}\framebox(10,10){}\hspace{3mm}}}

\hline\multicolumn{2}{p{0.23\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt}}{\especialidade{AAA \textsuperscript{A}}}& \hspace{1mm}
AA (111) &&
\multicolumn{2}{p{0.23\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt}}{\especialidade{AAA \textsuperscript{A}}}&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaa-\textit{Aaaa} (111)& \\\hline

Aaaaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
AA aaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaa-\textit{aaa} (111)& \\
\end{tabular}
}
}
\end{table}
\end{document}

Answer 1

The array package provides a m{} column specifier which is just like p{} except that, whereas p{} puts the cell contents in a top-aligned \parbox[t]{}{}, \m{} puts it in a centre-aligned \parbox[c]{}{}. For example:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{array}
\begin{document}
  \begin{tabular}{p{.25\linewidth}cm{.25\linewidth}}
    this is a very long line of text in a top-aligned parbox & this is horizontally centred & this is a very long line of text in a centre-aligned parbox\\
  \end{tabular}
\end{document}

Please do not rely on tabu. If you wish to use it even though it may break unexpectedly on you, fine. But understand that there are bugs which will be fixed only when the new version breaks your documents anyway.

EDIT

In this case, you have complications caused by oversized content which isn't regular text. For the empty boxes, you can use \raisebox, I've used -2.5pt to move the box a bit down. Adjust as desired. For the TikZ pictures, you can adjust the picture relative to the baseline using baseline. Here, I've used baseline=(init.base). Again, adjust as desired. I've also updated the code to use the new syntax \tikzset{} rather than the deprecated \tikzstyle{}.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[table]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{arydshln}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\especialidade}[1]{%
  \tikzset{
    block/.style = {
      rectangle,
      fill=black,
      text width=0.25\columnwidth,
      text depth=0mm,
      text centered,
      text height=0.30cm,
      rounded corners
    }
  }%
    \begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 1cm, auto, baseline=(init.base)]
    \node [block] (init) {\textcolor{white}{\textbf{#1}}};
    \end{tikzpicture}}

\newsavebox{\mybox}
\sbox\mybox{%
  \raisebox{-2.5pt}{\linethickness{0.2mm}\framebox(10,10){}\hspace{3mm}}}

\begin{table}[h!]
\makebox[\linewidth]{
{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{2}
\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.5mm}
\setlength\tabcolsep{1mm}
\begin{tabular}{
    m{0.22\linewidth} m{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\usebox{\mybox}}
    m{0.23\linewidth} m{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\usebox{\mybox}}
    m{0.23\linewidth} m{0\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt} @{\usebox{\mybox}}
    m{0.24\linewidth} m{0\linewidth} @{\usebox{\mybox}}}

\hline\multicolumn{2}{m{0.23\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt}}{\especialidade{AAA \textsuperscript{A}}}& \hspace{1mm}
AA (111) &&
\multicolumn{2}{m{0.23\linewidth};{0.5mm/2pt}}{\especialidade{AAA \textsuperscript{A}}}&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaa-\textit{Aaaa} (111)& \\\hline

Aaaaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
AA aaaaa (111) &&\hspace{1mm}
Aaaa-\textit{aaa} (111)& \\
\end{tabular}
}
}
\end{table}
\end{document}

But the basic idea of using m{} and adjusting to the baseline is the same as in the simpler example above.

Answer 2

Try to use:

\newcommand{\especialidade}[1]{\tikzstyle{block} = [rectangle, fill=black,
    text width=0.2\columnwidth, text depth=0mm, text centered, text height=0.30cm, rounded corners]
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(init.base)]
    \node [block] (init) {\textcolor{white}{\textbf{#1}}};
    \end{tikzpicture}}

instead of your newcomand.

Edit: The slightly modified your command (it gives the same result):

\newcommand{\especialidade}[1]{
    \begin{tikzpicture}[baseline=(init.base),%this determine where is baseline
    block/.style = {rectangle, fill=black, rounded corners,
                    text width=0.22\columnwidth, text depth=0mm, text height=0.30cm, 
                    font=\bfseries, align=center}]
    \node [block] (init) {\textcolor{white}{#1}};
    \end{tikzpicture}}