How do you get \mathbb{1} to work (characteristic function of a set)?

Question

I am trying to get the digit one printed the \mathbb{} font in math mode, however the command

\mathbb{1}

outputs some rubbish. I certainly saw the character I am after in some pdf's generated from latex, hence my question: how do you get it to work?

Answer 1

Since \mathbb doesn't support digits (with amssymb or txfonts) you may use bbm:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{bbm}
\begin{document}
\[ \mathbbm{1} \]
\end{document}

or dsfont in the doublestroke package:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{dsfont}
\begin{document}
\[ \mathds{1} \]
\end{document}

Answer 2

Playing some necromancy here, the answer looks very different in 2021. I especially advise against using bbm, as the accepted answer suggests, since the old-fashioned font format it loads will come out pixelated in a PDF, and nobody prints DVIs out on paper any more.

I’d recommend using unicode-math in LuaTeX when you can, and legacy fonts when you have to. Nearly all OpenType math fonts support \mathbb{1} and \Bbbone out of the box. Few if any come with a bold version that supports \boldsymbol{\mathbb{1}}, but you can fake it if you need it:

\documentclass{article}
\tracinglostchars=2
\usepackage{unicode-math}

\setmathfont{NewCMMath-Book}
\setmathfont{NewCMMath-Book}[
  version=bold,
  FakeBold = 1.2 ]

\begin{document}
\[ \mathbb{1} \boldsymbol{\mathbb{1}}
\]
\end{document}

If your publisher still requires you to use PDFTeX, or you should wish to, the mathalpha package provides a consistent interface for loading and scaling math alphabets, including blackboard bold and bold blackboard bold. Here are the options that ship with TeX Live and at least partially work:

(Note that you do not need to define \Bbbbone this way in your own document! I put this in the template to simplify testing.)

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage[bb=dsserif]{mathalpha}
\usepackage{bm}

\pagestyle{empty}
    
\newcommand\Bbbbone{%
  \ifdefined\mathbbb%
    \mathbbb{1}%
  \else%
    \boldsymbol{\mathbb{1}}%
  \fi}

\begin{document}
\[ \mathbb{1} \Bbbbone
\]
\end{document}

The dsserif alphabet is the only free one I know of that supports both blackboard-bold and bold-blackboard-bold digits in Type-1 format, and that a package can load without changing your other fonts. You will probably want to scale this to match your math font, with the bbscaled= package option.

With bb=pazo instead of bb=dsserif:

With bb=fourier:

With bb=esstix:

With bb=boondox:

There are other legacy packages not available through mathalpha (as of February 2021). Here are some of the more important ones that have not already been mentioned.

The cmathbb package is an attractive outline font based on Computer Modern bold.

With \usepackage[varbb]{newtxmath}, you get the same alphabet as in Xovee’s answer, but replacing the standard \mathbb:

There is a similar option for newpxmath (although this is incompatible with bm).

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage[varbb]{newpxmath}

\pagestyle{empty}

\newcommand\Bbbbone{%
  \ifdefined\mathbbb%
    \mathbbb{1}%
  \else%
    \boldsymbol{\mathbb{1}}%
  \fi}

\begin{document}
\[ \mathbb{1} \Bbbbone
\]
\end{document}

There is yet another blackboard bold alphabet available through newtxmath and newpxmath, with the vvarbb package option:

The stix and stix2 packages load an alphabet similar to boondox. (Which is a fork of the STIX fonts.) Here is what you get with \usepackage{stix2} instead of mathalpha:

Answer 3

Another option is to use bbold package.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{bbold}
\begin{document}
\[ \mathbb{1} \]
\end{document}

Though it ruins the letters.

Answer 4

I'm surprised no one has mentioned this, but you can use the unicode-math package. Note that you need Xe(La)TeX or LuaLaTeX to use this package.

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{unicode-math}

\begin{document}
    $\mathbb{1}$
\end{document}

Answer 5

A new solution: use newtxmath package.

With code:

\usepackage{newtxmath}

$\vmathbb{ABCDEFGHIGKLMNOPQRSTUVWSYZ}$

$\vmathbb{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

$\vmathbb{0123456789}$

which results:

Also, this solution is compatible with the ACM Template's whitelist restriction, since there're no need to import other packages, the document class asmart already imported the newtxmath.

Here's the document of the newtxmath: http://ctan.mirror.colo-serv.net/fonts/newtx/doc/newtxdoc.pdf

Answer 6

Like user41766 said, using bbold is a good idea (the best imho if unicode-math isn't an option), but it would "ruin" the other letters. You can solve this issue by declaring a new alphabet, importing \mathbb from bbold into your own math alphabet, like was suggested here:

\DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathmybb}{U}{bbold}{m}{n}
\newcommand{\1}{\mathmybb{1}}

Note that you can then use \mathmybb in any other situation and name it any other way you please.

Edit: This question is also nicely dealt with here, where this compact solution can be found to avoid creating a whole math alphabet:

\newcommand*{\boldone}{\text{\usefont{U}{bbold}{m}{n}1}}

Answer 7

This worked for me:

\usepackage{mathbbol}

+\mathbb{1}+

Actually, I'm using LyX, so I put \usepackage in the preamble and then simply used \mathbb with a 1 inside a formula box. It still displays as `rubbish' but renders fine as PDF.

If you don't like the discordance in LyX, you can say something like

\def\bbone{\mathbb{1}}

in the preamble, and then use \bbone in your document, or variants on this theme.

My 2c.

Answer 8

Almost all Unicode math fonts have the character U+1D7D9 with TeX control sequence \Bbbone which looks like this: 𝟙.

If you have Unicode math font loaded then you can use \Bbbone or directly 𝟙. For example, in OpTeX:

\fontfam[lm]  % loads Unicode math

$\Bbbone$ or $𝟙$.   
\bye

Answer 9

\documentclass{article}        
\usepackage{anyfontsize}         
% For documents in 10pt, 11pt or 12pt     
% \def\one{\mbox{1\hspace{-3.85pt}\fontsize{11}{14.4}\selectfont\textrm{1}}} % 10pt    
\def\one{\mbox{1\hspace{-4.25pt}\fontsize{12}{14.4}\selectfont\textrm{1}}} % 11pt    
% \def\one{\mbox{1\hspace{-4.75pt}\fontsize{13}{14.4}\selectfont\textrm{1}}} % 12pt    
\begin{document}    
You can use either $\one$ or $\one\{A\}$ or $\one_{A}$.
\end{document}

Answer 10

With unicode-math (requires LuaTeX or XeTex), you can change the font of only the \mathbb{} numbers to, e.g., "Latin Modern Math", which does include them:

\setmathfont{Latin Modern Math}[range=bb/{num}]