Do you mean something like below? Make sure to define your own commands. Like this, you can still switch to something different later on
% arara: lualatex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{unicode-math}
\setmathfont{xits-Math}
\newcommand*{\noPrior}{\ensuremath{\mdlgwhtcircle}}
\newcommand*{\quarterPrior}{\ensuremath{\circleurquadblack}}
\newcommand*{\halfPrior}{\ensuremath{\circlerighthalfblack}}
\newcommand*{\threeQuarterPrior}{\ensuremath{\blackcircleulquadwhite}}
\newcommand*{\fullPrior}{\ensuremath{\mdlgblkcircle}}
\begin{document}
\begin{tabular}{lr}
\toprule
Symbol & Meaning\\
\midrule
\noPrior & \SI{0}{\percent}\\
\quarterPrior & \SI{25}{\percent}\\
\halfPrior & \SI{50}{\percent}\\
\threeQuarterPrior & \SI{75}{\percent}\\
\fullPrior & \SI{100}{\percent}\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}

Here is an idea for TikZ:
% arara: pdflatex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\usepackage{tikz}
\newcommand*{\priority}[1]{\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.15]%
\draw (0,0) circle (1);
\ifthenelse{#1>0}{\fill[fill opacity=0.5,fill=blue] (0,0) -- (90:1) arc (90:90-#1*3.6:1) -- cycle;}{}
\end{tikzpicture}}
\begin{document}
\begin{tabular}{lr}
\toprule
Symbol & Meaning\\
\midrule
\priority{0} & \SI{0}{\percent}\\
\priority{15} & \SI{15}{\percent}\\
\priority{33} & \SI{33}{\percent}\\
\priority{75} & \SI{75}{\percent}\\
\priority{100} & \SI{100}{\percent}\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
