In the thread Insertion of perpendicular symbol at intersection of two perpendicular lines, Jake proposed a very useful command to mark a right angle. I tried to color the symbol, but I get only half colored.
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.13}
\tikzset{
right angle quadrant/.code={
\pgfmathsetmacro\quadranta{{1,1,-1,-1}[#1-1]}
\pgfmathsetmacro\quadrantb{{1,-1,-1,1}[#1-1]}},
right angle quadrant=1,
right angle length/.code={\def\rightanglelength{#1}},
right angle length=2ex,
right angle symbol/.style n args={3}{
insert path={
let \p0 = ($(#1)!(#3)!(#2)$) in
let \p1 = ($(\p0)!\quadranta*\rightanglelength!(#3)$),
\p2 = ($(\p0)!\quadrantb*\rightanglelength!(#2)$) in
let \p3 = ($(\p1)+(\p2)-(\p0)$) in
(\p1) -- (\p3) -- (\p2)
}
}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[extended line/.style={shorten >=-#1,shorten <=-#1}]
\begin{axis}[
restrict x to domain=-4:5, xmax=5, xmin=-4,
restrict y to domain=-2:4, ymax=4, ymin=-2,
x=0.7cm,
y=0.7cm,
axis x line=middle,
axis y line=middle,
major tick style=black,
axis line style = thick,
tickwidth=0.1cm,
grid=both,
xtick={-3,...,4},
ytick={-1,...,3},
yticklabels={,,},
xticklabels={,,},
extra x ticks={-4,5},
extra x tick label={\null},
extra y ticks={-2,4},
extra y tick label={\null},
extra tick style={tick style={draw=none}},
xlabel=$x$,ylabel=$y$,
every axis x label/.style={
at={(ticklabel* cs:1.01)},
anchor=west,
},
every axis y label/.style={
at={(ticklabel* cs:1.01)},
anchor=south,
},
samples=1000,
>=stealth,
]
\coordinate [label=above right : $A$] (A) at (-2,3);
\coordinate [label=below left : $B$](B) at (-3,1);
\coordinate [label=above right : $C$](C) at (4,0);
\coordinate [label=below right : $H$] (H) at ($(B)!(A)!(C)$);
\draw [thick] (A)--(B)--(C)--cycle;
\draw [thick,extended line=3cm] (A)--(H);
\draw [fill=red,right angle quadrant=1,right angle symbol={B}{C}{A}];
\node[below=2pt] at (1,0) {$1$};
\node[left=2pt] at (0,1) {$1$};
\node[below left=2pt] at (0,0) {$0$};
\node[thick] at (A) {+};
\node[thick] at (B) {+};
\node[thick] at (C) {+};
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
(\p1) -- (\p3) -- (\p2)
with(\p1) -- (\p3) -- (\p2) --(\p0)
will fill in the symbol. If you want that fill, I would recommend you do the fill before you draw the triangle.