LaTeX doesn't directly support this, but despite rumours to the contrary it doesn't arbitrarily separate floats so with a bit of care you can put the image in a top float and the caption in a bottom float.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics [width=1\textwidth]{test}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[b]
\caption{A figure}
\end{figure}
\def\x{Some text to fill up some space. }
\def\y{\x\x\x Red green yellow blue \x\x
\x\x\x Red green yellow blue \x\x}
\y\y\y\y
\x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
Apple orange pear \x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
Apple orange pear \x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
\end{document}
in an automated workflow where you are not reading the document each time you could set a \label
in each of the floats and generate an error if the \pageref
are not the same.
Or as clarified in commens perhaps you want the float to take a full page so:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{minipage}[c][\textheight]{\textwidth}
\includegraphics [width=\textwidth]{test}
\vfill
\caption{A figure}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure}
\def\x{Some text to fill up some space. }
\def\y{\x\x\x Red green yellow blue \x\x
\x\x\x Red green yellow blue \x\x}
\y\y\y\y
\x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
Apple orange pear \x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
Apple orange pear \x\y\x\y\x\y\x\y
\end{document}
figure
occupy an entire page?