Entering Unicode characters in LaTeX

Question

How do I enter Unicode characters in LaTeX? What packages do I need to install and what escape sequence do I type to specify Unicode characters in an ASCII source file?

Answer 1

Have you considered using XeTeX? This is an adaptation of TeX that adds Unicode support, and is included in the latest TeX Live and MiKTeX distributions. This Wikipedia article gives a good introduction.

Answer 2

"Unicode" in this context could mean either in the input or in the output. I assume you're looking to insert something like "©" into your source and have it do something meaningful.

For full support for unicode input and unicode fonts, take a look at XeTeX; it's easy to get started — just select an appropriate font and the unicode characters in your input are directly typeset as unicode glyphs in the output. Switching engines is not always a possibility, however, and sometimes you'll want to stick with pdfTeX for its other useful features.

The best that regular LaTeX (i.e., based from pdfTeX in a modern distribution) can do is recognise UTF-8 sequences in the text and expand macros based on what it sees. Load the inputenc package to select the UTF-8 input encoding:

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}

Note that the resulting input file must not have a byte-order mark (BOM) at the beginning, or else it won't compile. (You can also use the [utf8x] option which has more extensive coverage but is not as well supported. I don't have any experience using this option.)

To define behaviour for unicode characters, use the \DeclareUnicodeCharacter command that is then defined. Here's an example for binding the control sequence \dash to the input character "—"; i.e., a literal em-dash, U+2014, in the source:

\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{\dash}

\dash can then be defined in the usual manner; I use:

\DeclareRobustCommand\dash{%
  \unskip\nobreak\thinspace\textemdash\allowbreak\thinspace\ignorespaces}

This defines a dash that has a small space on either side and will only allow a line break after it.

Answer 3

This is a minimal example that finally worked for me without using XeTeX:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[mathletters]{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}

\begin{document}
    The vorticity $ω$ is defined as $ω = ∇ × u$.
\end{document}

Answer 4

Try \char"hexcode like \char"2012 for the ‒ (figure-dash). This command works in XeLaTeX and probably other engines

Answer 5

In order to use XeLaTeX (and even both pdflatex and xelatex on the same document), you can use the simple unixode package:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{unixode}

\begin{document}
    The vorticity $ω$ is defined as $ω = ∇ × u$.
\end{document}

You may then compile your document either with pdflatex or with xelatex.

Note: the package is in development; the aim is to support as many unicode equivalents as possible.

Answer 6

In case anyone is not satisfied with any of the answers: I just had the same problem and came up with my own little solution. I didn't want to dig into another distribution but stay with pdflatex. So I created a textfield in inkscape, put the character in, cropped it, and saved as pdf. You can include the pdf in your document like this:

\includegraphics[width=1em]{symbol.pdf}

Answer 7

As of today, both XeTeX and LuaTeX will let you input unicode without complaining.

Answer 8

Sorry, I'm not an expert on this, but hope I can at least provide some useful leads.

A lot of the early multi-lingual support for LaTeX predates the widespread adoption of Unicode, although it looks like there's been some consolidation around Unicode recently. So you might find something useful in specific language support packages, e.g. CJK LaTeX (for Chinese, Japanese and Korean).

Another Unicode package for LaTeX has a new name (formerly unicode; now ucs). For a list of Unicode packages, see https://ctan.org/topic/unicode .

You might also have a look at the excellent book The LaTeX Companion, which includes a section on multilingual text.

Answer 9

This question is really ambiguous, and I believe the answers are to the wrong interpretation. To have LaTeX handle Unicode is what is being answered, what I understand is being asked is how to enter such characters into the file. And that depends on the editor used... I've even copy&pasted some from Wikipedia pages into xemacs to go around that. The methods given in the Unicode FAQ clash with xemacs definitions or get interpreted at random by gnome-terminal :-(