# Large random spacing between some figures and text

The first page of my document is fine but for some reason the second page is full of random spaces between the text and figures.

Looked around to see if I could fix the problem but nothing worked. I honestly have no clue what has gone wrong.

\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,twocolumn]{paper}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[latin1,utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}

\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{makeidx}
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}

\usepackage[english]{babel}

\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{grffile}

\usepackage{bbm}
\usepackage{dsfont}

\usepackage[]{subfigure}

\usepackage{verbatim}

\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\usepackage{accents}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{float}

\setlength{\columnsep}{30pt}

\usepackage[compact]{titlesec}
\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*0}{*0}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0}

\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper,left=25mm,right=25mm, top=25mm, bottom=25mm}

\begin{document}

\section*{Materials $\&$ Methods}

\subsection*{Equipment $\&$ setup}

\noindent{The equipment used to complete the experiment included a multimeter, a soldering iron and some solder, 243 1k$\Omega$ (resistors with a tolerance of 5$\%$) and a circuit board. To start the resistance of a single resistor was measured using the multimeter and compared to the theoretical value of the resistor.}

\noindent{Next the first generation gasket, ($n=0$), was created using three resistors soldered into an equilateral triangle, see figure \ref{figure 1}, making sure the positioning of the resistors gave enough space to complete up to a fourth generation. The theoretical resistance across AB was then calculated and compared to the measured resistance across AB, AC and BC.}

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen1.jpg}
\caption{First generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\noindent{The second generation, ($n=1$), added an additional 6 resistors resulting in 3 first generation gaskets soldered together at their corners as seen in figure \ref{figure 2}. The theoretical resistance across AB' was calculated, using the $\Delta$ to $Y$ transformation, and then compared to the measured resistance across AB', AC' and B'C'.}

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen2.jpg}
\caption{Second generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\noindent{The third generation, ($n=2$), required a further additional 18 resistors resulting in 3 second generation gaskets soldered together at their corners, in a similar fashion to generation 2 , as seen in figure \ref{figure 3}. The theoretical resistance across AB'' was calculated and then compared to the measured resistance across AB'', AC'' and B''C''.}

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen3.jpg}
\caption{Third generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\noindent{The final generation to be completed on the single circuit board was the fourth generation, ($n=3$), and required a total of 81 resistors. They were soldered together to form what looked like 3 third generation gaskets soldered at their corners, as seen in figure \ref{figure 4}. The theoretical resistance across AB''' was calculated again and then compared to the measured resistance across AB''', AC''' and B'''C'''.}

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen4.jpg}
\caption{Fourth generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 4}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\noindent{Now that the circuit board had no room left on it to expand to a fifth generation gasket, ($n=4$), we combined our fourth generation gasket with 2 other groups. We did this through the use of crocodile clips and circuit leads to connect them into a large equilateral triangle AB''''C''''. The theoretical resistance across AB'''' was calculated and then compared to the measured resistance across AB'''', AC'''', B''''C''''.}

\subsection*{Data collection}

To measure the resistance of each generation we attached a multimeter across the gasket, using crocodile clips and circuit leads, from one corner of the triangle to another. This gave three values of resistance for each generation. The measured resistances were noted down into small tables for each generations. A summary table was then created to, make it easier to read the data, generalising a notation that the top point of the gasket as A, the bottom left as B and the bottom right as C. The table also included the theoretical resistance, $R_T$, the mean resistance, $R_{mean}$, and the number of resistors from A to B, which would all be needed later for the plotting of a graph.

\section*{Results}
\subsection*{Calculations $\&$ errors}
\section*{Discussion}
\section*{Conclusion}[![enter image description here][1]][1]

\end{document}


The code doesn't include the text and figures from the first page.

I have fixed the issue by moving all the text into one big paragraph on the left of the page and having the images sit on the right. I then down the size of the images so they could all fit onto the one page.

• Welcome to TeX.SX! Your spacing issue is a result of float option "H" in combination with many paragraphs. Apr 21 '17 at 12:56
• The reason that LaTeX moves figures is to avoid getting large white spaces at bad page breaks. [H] stops the figure floating so by design chooses to have bad white space at page breaks rather than allow the figures to move. Apr 21 '17 at 12:58
• unrelated to the figures but \noindent should never be needed in a latex document, but if it is used, it does not take an {} argument so \noindent{Now t... looks very odd markup. Apr 21 '17 at 12:59
• If I remove H how do i make the figures go where I want? Apr 21 '17 at 13:03
• Yes, probably. [H] has that drawback. My recommendation is to not interfere with LaTeX figure placements. At least not until the very final version. That means not using [H]. Try [htb] instead and trust LaTeX to place them where they best fit. Apr 21 '17 at 13:23

I would do the following changes

• replace option [H] with [htb] as suggested in above comments
• replace \begin<{center} ... \end{center} with \centering (see MWE below)
• remove all \noindent{...} and instead their use in preamble define \setlength\parindent{0pt}
• instead of obsolete package subfigure use subfig
• move hyperref package on the end of preamble.

After this changes I obtain:

\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,twocolumn]{paper}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{inputenc}

\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{makeidx}
\usepackage[demo]{graphicx}

\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[none]{hyphenat}% without this package the result is even better

%\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm}
%\usepackage{mathrsfs}
%\usepackage{mathtools}
%\usepackage{grffile}

%\usepackage{bbm}
%\usepackage{dsfont}

\usepackage[]{subfigure}

\usepackage{verbatim}

\usepackage{color}

\usepackage{accents}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{multirow}
\usepackage{booktabs}
%\usepackage{float}

\setlength{\columnsep}{30pt}

\usepackage[compact]{titlesec}
\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*0}{*0}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*0}{*0}

\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper,left=25mm,right=25mm, top=25mm, bottom=25mm}
\setlength\parindent{0pt}

\usepackage{hyperref}

\begin{document}

\section*{Materials $\&$ Methods}

\subsection*{Equipment $\&$ setup}

The equipment used to complete the experiment included a multimeter, a soldering iron and some solder, 243 1k$\Omega$ (resistors with a tolerance of 5$\%$) and a circuit board. To start the resistance of a single resistor was measured using the multimeter and compared to the theoretical value of the resistor.

Next the first generation gasket, ($n=0$), was created using three resistors soldered into an equilateral triangle, see figure \ref{figure 1}, making sure the positioning of the resistors gave enough space to complete up to a fourth generation. The theoretical resistance across AB was then calculated and compared to the measured resistance across AB, AC and BC.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen1.jpg}
\caption{First generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 1}
\end{figure}

The second generation, ($n=1$), added an additional 6 resistors resulting in 3 first generation gaskets soldered together at their corners as seen in figure \ref{figure 2}. The theoretical resistance across AB' was calculated, using the $\Delta$ to $Y$ transformation, and then compared to the measured resistance across AB', AC' and B'C'.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen2.jpg}
\caption{Second generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 2}
\end{figure}

The third generation, ($n=2$), required a further additional 18 resistors resulting in 3 second generation gaskets soldered together at their corners, in a similar fashion to generation 2 , as seen in figure \ref{figure 3}. The theoretical resistance across AB'' was calculated and then compared to the measured resistance across AB'', AC'' and B''C''.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen3.jpg}
\caption{Third generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 3}
\end{figure}

The final generation to be completed on the single circuit board was the fourth generation, ($n=3$), and required a total of 81 resistors. They were soldered together to form what looked like 3 third generation gaskets soldered at their corners, as seen in figure \ref{figure 4}. The theoretical resistance across AB''' was calculated again and then compared to the measured resistance across AB''', AC''' and B'''C'''.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{gen4.jpg}
\caption{Fourth generation of a Sierpinski gasket}
\label{figure 4}
\end{figure}

Now that the circuit board had no room left on it to expand to a fifth generation gasket, ($n=4$), we combined our fourth generation gasket with 2 other groups. We did this through the use of crocodile clips and circuit leads to connect them into a large equilateral triangle AB''''C''''. The theoretical resistance across AB'''' was calculated and then compared to the measured resistance across AB'''', AC'''', B''''C''''.

\subsection*{Data collection}

To measure the resistance of each generation we attached a multimeter across the gasket, using crocodile clips and circuit leads, from one corner of the triangle to another. This gave three values of resistance for each generation. The measured resistances were noted down into small tables for each generations. A summary table was then created to, make it easier to read the data, generalising a notation that the top point of the gasket as A, the bottom left as B and the bottom right as C. The table also included the theoretical resistance, $R_T$, the mean resistance, $R_{mean}$, and the number of resistors from A to B, which would all be needed later for the plotting of a graph.

\section*{Results}
\subsection*{Calculations $\&$ errors}
\section*{Discussion}
\section*{Conclusion}

\end{document}