Missing $ inserted. \end{align}

Question

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{makeidx}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{physics}

\begin{align}
    \Gamma_\textbf{P}(\textbf{r})=-\frac{2\pi}{m}\int \frac{\dd[3]{k}}{(2\pi)^3} e^{-i\textbf{k\vdot\textbf{r}}}f_p(\textbf{k})
    \end{align}

\nocite{}
\bibliographystyle{}
\bibliography{hafiz}
\end{document}

The output is fine but giving lot of same error message. Please help

Answer 1

Your problem arises from the misuse of \textbf in the first subscript: as @Zarko pointed out, for it to work, instead of \Gamma_\textbf{P} you could use \Gamma_{\textbf{P}}. Nevertheless this is not recommended, since textbf is a text command. In order to have bold text in math mode you'd better use:

• mathbf which uses an upright bold math font, or

• \usepackage{bm} and then the bm command, which gives an italic bold math font

• mix and match the two.

Also, is quite pointless to have an align environment without alignments. I substituted it with a plain equation.

Example with mathbf

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath} 
\usepackage{amsfonts}
 \usepackage{amssymb} 
 \usepackage{makeidx} 
 \usepackage{graphicx} 
 \usepackage{physics} 
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_\mathbf{P}(\mathbf{r})=-\frac{2\pi}{m}\int \frac{\dd[3]{k}}{(2\pi)^3} e^{-i\mathbf{k\cdot\mathbf{r}}}f_p(\mathbf{k})
\end{equation}
\end{document}

Example with bm

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath} 
\usepackage{amsfonts}
 \usepackage{amssymb} 
 \usepackage{makeidx} 
 \usepackage{graphicx} 
 \usepackage{physics} 
 \usepackage{bm}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\bm{P}}(\bm{r})=-\frac{2\pi}{m}\int \frac{\dd[3]{k}}{(2\pi)^3} e^{-i\bm{k\cdot\bm{r}}}f_p(\bm{k})
\end{equation}
\end{document}

Answer 2

You don't want \textbf for vectors, but \vec. “Wait!” you'll say, “I don't want vectors with an arrow above their head!”

Don't worry! Neither do I!

What I mean is that you should use a semantic command for your objects and \vec is a good choice.

The main problem in your code is \textbf{v\vdot\textbf{r}}: \textbf starts text mode, and \vdot is only valid in math mode. Anyway, also

\mathbf{v\vdot\mathbf{r}}

is wrong and should be \mathbf{v}\vdot\mathbf{r}. Better yet, use \vec (or other semantic command named as you prefer) like below.

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{bm}% for the second choice
\usepackage{physics}

\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}
%\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\bm{#1}}

\begin{document}

\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{\vec{P}}(\vec{r})=
-\frac{2\pi}{m}\int\frac{\dd[3]{k}}{(2\pi)^3} e^{-i\vec{k}\vdot\vec{r}}f_p(\vec{k})
\end{equation}

\end{document}

By the way, a subscript should be braced, if it doesn't consist in a single letter or number (but bracing also these doesn't harm). Also align should not be used for single displayed equations.

Should you change your mind and decide that bold italic for vectors is better, just switch the comment sign % and enable

\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\bm{#1}}

to get, upon rerunning LaTeX,