How to plot something like this in latex

Question

I would like to graph something like this in latex or R, but my main goal is to do it in Latex.

Thanks for the help

Answer 1

I was unable to see a precise relation between the phases indicated on the circles and the phases between the sines. Other than that it is straightforward to realize something like this with TikZ.

\documentclass[border=3.14mm,tikz]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{fit}
% inspired by https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/423952/121799
\tikzset{boxed/.style={path picture={
\coordinate (ll) at (path picture bounding box.south west);
\coordinate (ur) at (path picture bounding box.north east);
},
}}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[font=\sffamily,variable=\x,samples=100]
\node[anchor=west] at (0,0) (outphase) {$x$ \& $y$ out of phase};
\node[anchor=east] at (\linewidth,0) (inphase) {$x$ \& $y$ in phase};
% upper left
\begin{scope}[shift={(0.5cm,-2cm)},scale=0.8]
\draw[boxed] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{sin(pi*deg(\x))});
\node[draw,fit=(ll) (ur)] (plottl) {};
\draw[red] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{0.8*sin(pi*deg(\x-0.8))});
%
\begin{scope}[xshift=6cm,scale=0.65,font=\footnotesize\sffamily]
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw (0,-1) -- (0,1) node[above]{$+\pi/2$};
\draw (1,0) -- (-1,0) node[left]{$+\pi$};
\draw[-latex] (0,0) -- ({(pi-0.5)*180/pi}:1);
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2cm]
\node[anchor=west] (texttl) at (0.5,0) {leading: $y$ (\textcolor{red}{---}), lagging: $x$ (---)};
\end{scope}
% upper right
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[shift={({0.5cm+\linewidth/2},-2cm)},scale=0.8]
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.5cm]
\draw[boxed] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{sin(pi*deg(\x+0.1))});
\node[draw,fit=(ll) (ur)] (plottr) {};
\draw[red] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{0.8*sin(pi*deg(\x))});
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5cm,scale=0.65,font=\footnotesize\sffamily]
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw (0,-1) -- (0,1) node[above]{$+\pi/2$};
\draw (1,0) -- (-1,0) node[left]{$+\pi$};
\draw[-latex] (0,0) -- ({(0.3)*180/pi}:1);
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[yshift=-2cm]
\node[anchor=west] (texttr) at (0.5,0) {leading: $x$ (---), lagging: $y$ (\textcolor{red}{---})};
\end{scope}
\end{scope}
% lower left
\begin{scope}[shift={(0.5cm,-6.5cm)},scale=0.8]
\draw[boxed] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{sin(pi*deg(\x))});
\node[draw,fit=(ll) (ur)] (plotbl) {};
\draw[red] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{0.8*sin(pi*deg(\x-1.2))});
%
\begin{scope}[xshift=6cm,scale=0.65,font=\footnotesize\sffamily]
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw (0,-1) -- (0,1) node[above]{$+\pi/2$};
\draw (1,0) -- (-1,0) node[left]{$+\pi$};
\draw[-latex] (0,0) -- ({(pi+0.5)*180/pi}:1);
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[yshift=2cm]
\node[anchor=west] (textbl) at (0.5,0) {leading:  $x$ (---), lagging: $y$ (\textcolor{red}{---})};
\end{scope}
% lower right
\end{scope}
\begin{scope}[shift={({0.5cm+\linewidth/2},-6.5cm)},scale=0.8]
\begin{scope}[xshift=2.5cm]
\draw[boxed] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{sin(pi*deg(\x+0.1))});
\node[draw,fit=(ll) (ur)] (plotbr) {};
\draw[red] plot[domain=0:4] ({\x},{0.8*sin(pi*deg(\x+0.2))});
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[xshift=1.5cm,scale=0.65,font=\footnotesize\sffamily]
\draw (0,0) circle (1cm);
\draw (0,-1) -- (0,1) node[above]{$+\pi/2$};
\draw (1,0) -- (-1,0) node[left]{$+\pi$};
\draw[-latex] (0,0) -- ({(-0.3)*180/pi}:1);
\end{scope}
%
\begin{scope}[yshift=2cm]
\node[anchor=west] (textbl) at (0.5,0) {leading: $y$ (\textcolor{red}{---}), lagging: $x$ (---)};
\end{scope}
\end{scope}
\node[fit=(plotbr) (outphase) (inphase)] (Box){};
\path (inphase) -- (plottl.north) coordinate[midway] (X1);
\path (texttl) -- (textbl) coordinate[midway] (X2);
\path (texttl) -- (texttr) coordinate[midway] (X3);
\draw (Box.west |- X1) -- (Box.east |- X1);
\draw (Box.west |- X2) -- (Box.east |- X2);
\draw (Box.north -| X3) -- (Box.south -| X3);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}