Moving page numbers outside of page margins

Question

I am writing my dissertation in LaTeX, using the turabian formatting package. The dissertation handbook for my university include the following line: "All margins must be one inch wide. Page numbers should not fall within the one-inch margins."

I have one inch margins all around, but I cannot figure out how to move the page numbers so that they are not within the page margins. Any guidance on how to do this would be greatly appreciated.

MWE:

\documentclass[12pt]{turabian-thesis}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\title{MWE}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\chapter{Introduction}
\lipsum[2-6]
\end{document} 

Answer 1

Having headers or footers (with page numbers) removed from the margins (in effect, having page numbers "not fall within the one-inch margins") can be accomplished by using the includeheadfoot option with the geometry package. This option places both headers and footers within the \textheight of each page.

To make this change, adjust the preamble to the following:

\usepackage[margin=1in, includeheadfoot]{geometry}

Through this method, space for both a header and a footer is allocated within the \textheight of each page of the document.

It may be preferable, however, that space for a header or footer only be provided where needed on a page (e.g. space for a header only on pages with numbers located at the top of the page).

With the turabian-thesis document class, this would require pages that use the plain page style only reserve space for the footer and allow text to start immediately under the top margin. Likewise, pages that use the headings page style only reserve space for the header and not the footer. More so, the title page (using the empty page style with no header or footer) would have no space reserved for either a header or footer.

To implement this approach, make the following changes to your document:

\documentclass[12pt]{turabian-thesis}

% Set geometry package defaults to match default layout, albeit with no binding offset
\usepackage{geometry}
\geometry{margin=1in, ignoreall, onecolumn}
\makeatletter
    \geometry{headheight=\dimexpr \f@size pt \relax}
\makeatother
\geometry{footskip=0.5in}

% Make \headsep and \headheight adjustable where plain page style used
% New variables to adjust \headsep and \headheight
\newlength{\plainheadsep}
\newlength{\plainheadheight}
% Set new variables to initial defaults
\setlength{\plainheadsep}{\headsep}
\setlength{\plainheadheight}{\headheight}
% Append new variables to each instance in which plain page style used
\makeatletter
    \appto{\ps@plain}{%
        \setlength{\headsep}{\plainheadsep}
        \setlength{\headheight}{\plainheadheight}}
\makeatother

% Adjust page layout at specific instances in the document
% Title page has no header or footer included in \textheight
\preto{\maketitle}{%
    \newgeometry{margin=1in, ignoreall, noheadfoot}}
% After title page, footer included in \textheight
\appto{\maketitle}{%
    \newgeometry{margin=1in, ignoreall, includefoot}}

% With start of main matter, header included in \textheight
% Where plain page style used, header removed so footer is typeset above bottom margin
\appto{\mainmatter}{
    \setlength{\plainheadsep}{0in}
    \setlength{\plainheadheight}{0in}
    \newgeometry{margin=1in, ignoreall, includehead}}

\usepackage{lipsum}
\title{MWE}
\author{}

\begin{document}

\frontmatter
\maketitle

\mainmatter
\chapter{Introduction}
\lipsum[2-6]

\end{document}

This approach is certainly more complex, but should have the desired result when using the turabian-thesis document class.