From this excellent macro of Thomas F. Sturm: ....fit the width...., here there is my adapt answer:

\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage[many]{tcolorbox}
\tcbset{longtitle/.style={%
title={#1},
before upper={\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{}l}\phantom{#1}\\[\the\dimexpr-\ht\strutbox-\dp\strutbox]},
after upper={\end{tabular}}}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\tcbhighmath[longtitle=A long title hence does now fit]{$\lambda=at^2$}%<---- for a double dollar
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\tcbhighmath[title=short-title]{\lambda=at^2+bt^3}%<---- without a double dollar
\end{equation}
\end{document}
A fix for avoiding the $
characters in the main argument:
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage[many]{tcolorbox}
\tcbset{longtitle/.style={%
title={#1},
before upper={%
$\begin{array}{@{}>{\displaystyle}l@{}}
\mbox{\phantom{#1}}\\[\the\dimexpr-\ht\strutbox-\dp\strutbox]%
},
after upper={\end{array}$}},
}
\begin{document}
\begin{equation}
\tcbhighmath[longtitle=A long title hence does now fit]{\lambda=at^2}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\tcbhighmath[title=short-title]{\lambda=at^2+bt^3}
\end{equation}
\end{document}