# how make a equation a little smaller

how I can make a little the following equation smaller?

$$\dfrac{1}{\psi_{m}}=\dfrac{1}{\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}\exp(\frac{-2\pi imk}{n})}}=\dfrac{1}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle+i\langle U_{m},c\rangle} =\dfrac{\langle V_{m},c \rangle-i\langle U_{m},c\rangle}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle^{2}+\langle U_{m},c\rangle^{2}}$$


I tried to split it by useing multline but it doesn't give a number to this term.

• multline does give equation number. Please extend your sniplet to a real example, as the code sits here it cannot even be compiled because of the two blank lines. – daleif Nov 13 at 16:37
• @HumaidAlkalbani Changing font size to accommodate a long equation should be used only as last resort. And even then it shouldn't be used :-) – campa Nov 13 at 16:59

with use of the nccmath package:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{nccmath}

\begin{document}
$$\medmath{ % <--- reduce equation size for about 20 % \frac{1}{\psi_{m}} =\frac{1}{\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}\exp\Bigl(\mfrac{-2\pi imk}{n}\Bigr)} =\frac{1}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle+i\langle U_{m},c\rangle} =\frac{\langle V_{m},c \rangle-i\langle U_{m},c\rangle}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle^{2}+\langle U_{m},c\rangle^{2}} }$$
or without \verb+\limits+ at \verb+\sum+, i.e. sumation limits are in inline mode:
$$\medmath{ \frac{1}{\psi_{m}} =\frac{1}{\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}\exp\Bigl(\mfrac{-2\pi imk}{n}\Bigr)} =\frac{1}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle+i\langle U_{m},c\rangle} =\frac{\langle V_{m},c \rangle-i\langle U_{m},c\rangle}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle^{2}+\langle U_{m},c\rangle^{2}} }$$
\end{document}


Edit: added is a case where summation limits consider @Mico comment below.

• +1 for \medmath. Please don't use \sum\limits, though. – Mico Nov 13 at 17:16
• @Mico, thank you very much! Using \sum\limits make fraction a bit shorter and it is only a little bit higher than argument of \exp. To me not look so bad :-). Of course, OP can freely remove \limits. I will add this option asap. – Zarko Nov 13 at 18:11

I suggest that you employ a split environment inside the equation environment, split the math material across three lines, and use the = symbols as the alignment points.

For extra legibility, I would also replace \exp(\frac{-2\pi imk}{n}) with \exp(-2\pi imk/n), i.e., use inline-fraction notation in the denominator term of the first fraction expression.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath} % for "split" environment
\begin{document}
$$\begin{split} \frac{1}{\psi_{m}} &=\frac{1}{\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}\exp(-2\pi imk/n)}\\ &=\frac{1}{\langle V_{m},c\rangle + i\langle U_{m},c\rangle}\\[1ex] &=\frac{\langle V_{m},c\rangle - i\langle U_{m},c\rangle}% {\langle V_{m},c\rangle^{2}+ \langle U_{m},c\rangle^{2}} \end{split}$$
\end{document}


I'm not sure what dfrac is, so I replaced it by frac and simply used an eqnarray environment.

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{\psi_{m}} &=&\frac{1}{\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}c_{k}
\exp\left(\frac{-2\pi imk}{n}\right)} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{1}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle+i\langle U_{m},c\rangle} \nonumber \\[7pt]
&=& \frac{\langle V_{m},c \rangle-i\langle U_{m},c\rangle
}{\langle V_{m},c \rangle^{2}+\langle U_{m},c\rangle^{2}}
\end{eqnarray}

\end{document}


• \dfrac is similar to {\displaystyle\frac ...}. Also, why are you still using eqnarray? You should have a read of eqnarray vs align. – Werner Nov 13 at 21:27
• I did not know that about eqnarray; I learned to use it some 30 years ago and never looked back. Sorry - and thanks for the info. – André Nov 13 at 21:30