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Essentially, I want to be able align the non-bold sentences underneath each other. In word I would use a ruler. As you would if you ignored all the underlines
Canonical Ensemble: System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature. __________________(Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!)
Here are two ways: with a description environment + adjusted parameters, and one with the linegoal package:
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{geometry}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage{linegoal}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\begin{document}
\sffamily
\begin{description}[font = \sffamily\bfseries, leftmargin=\widthof{\bfseries Canonical Ensemble:\hskip\labelsep}]
\item[Canonical Ensemble:]System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature.\\ (Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!)
\end{description}
\vskip 1cm
\noindent\textbf{Canonical Ensemble:}\enspace\parbox[t]{\linegoal}{System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature.\\ (Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!)}
\end{document}
linegoalsolution is the one which fits the description of the desired function the most.
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}[labelwidth=*, widest]
\item[\textbf{Canonical}] Something \\something
\item[\textbf{fooo}] bar
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}
With this the next line is indented
But if this is used to provide some kind of glossary, there are special packages for this.
I recommend the method suggested by Sango, but you can also do it like this.
\documentclass{standalone}
\begin{document}
\noindent
\begin{tabular}{p{0.3\textwidth} p{0.6\textwidth}}
\textbf{Canonical Ensemble:} & System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature.
Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!
\end{tabular}
\end{document}
You can also use eqlist or desclist:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{eqlist} % <-- for solution 1
\usepackage{desclist} % <-- for solution 2
\usepackage{geometry,parskip,lipsum} % irrelevants for the question
\begin{document}
\lipsum[3][1-7] % Only dummy text
% Solution 1
\begin{eqlist} % optionally [\setlength\labelsep{...}]
\item[\bfseries Canonical Ensemble:] System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature.\\ (Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!)
\item[\bfseries Ensemble Telúrico:] Supposed musical group of the comedy-musical group Les Luthiers that interpret the music of the supposed composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero.
\end{eqlist}
\lipsum[3][1-7] % More dummy text
% Solution 2
\begin{desclist}{\hskip14em}{:\qquad}[\bfseries Canonical Ensemble]
\item[\bfseries Canonical Ensemble] System with fixed particle number, volume and temperature.\\ (Microcanonical ensemble has fixed energy instead of temperature!)
\item[\bfseries Ensemble Telúrico] Supposed musical group of the comedy-musical group Les Luthiers that interpret the music of the supposed composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero.
\end{desclist}
\lipsum[3][1-7] % Dummy text again
\end{document}
Similarly with \usepackage{expdlist} you can use the same items of "Solution 1" but in a extended description list that allow options, in this way:
\begin{description}[\setlabelphantom{Canonical Ensemble:}]
\item ...
\end{description}
Or you can use use tabto, making a \hangindent as long as the \tab:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tabto,parskip}
\TabPositions{14em,16em}
\begin{document}
{\bfseries Canonical Ensemble:} \tab\hangindent14em System with fixed
particle number, volume and temperature.\\ (Microcanonical ensemble
has fixed energy instead of temperature!)
{\bfseries Ensemble Telúrico:}\tab\hangindent14em Supposed musical
group of the comedy-musical group Les Luthiers that interpret the
music of the supposed composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero.
Although the output is apparently similar, in this case is not at all equivalent to a list, so in many different situations your mileage will vary with one or another type of solutions.
Did anyone say \phantom? Because you can use \phantom here!
Lorem ipsum ipsum lorem.
\phantom{Lorem} ipsum ipsum est!
