I am trying to put in superscript only what is in brackets:
(2) Let $\overline{h \circ s}(v) = h(\overline s(c)) = h(c^ {\mathfrak_{U}} )$ when $c$ is a constant. \\
(3) $\overline{h \circ s}(f_{t_1}...f_{t_2}) = h(\overline s(f_{t_1}...f_{t_2})) = h (f^{\mathfrak_{U}} (\overline s(t_1), ..., \overline s(t_2))$ when $f$ is a function.
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after\mathfrak
is correct. There should have been an error message in your log file. You should always check the log for error messages.