An \underbrace positions its label the way the \sum operator gets its lower limit: entered as a subscript. In the code sample the subscript label comes right after \end{cases}
instead of after the whole \underbrace{...}
due to a misplaced close-brace character (so the intended label was an ordinary subscript for the cases
environment). Moving the brace to come before the subscript fixes the trouble, as in this MWE.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\begin{document}
\[\underbrace{\begin{cases}
a = -1\\
b=2\\
(-1-4)-i(2+8)=-8i\implies -5 -10i = -8i
\end{cases}}_{\text{Sistema impossibile}}\bigcup
\begin{cases}
a=0\\
b=2\\
-i(2^3)=-8i
\end{cases}\]
\end{document}

Addendum with the \lor
command as by comment of the user @egreg.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\begin{document}
\[\underbrace{\begin{cases}
a = -1\\
b=2\\
(-1-4)-i(2+8)=-8i\implies -5 -10i = -8i
\end{cases}}_{\text{Sistema impossibile}}\lor
\begin{cases}
a=0\\
b=2\\
-i(2^3)=-8i
\end{cases}\]
\end{document}

\bigcup
mean? Do you perhaps mean\lor
?@ + name
, because probably he not see your comment.\bigcup
is meaningless in that context.