As I commented, remove the \footnotetext
macro from the align*
environment, because it performs a multiple-pass, grabbing the \footnotetext
on each pass.
Please let me know if I misunderstand your need.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\begin{document}
\begin{tcolorbox}[title=CORREÇÃO]
A equação da corrente no emissor de $Q_1$ e $Q_2$, com $V_{BE} = V_B - V_E$
\begin{align*}
\tcbhighmath{ I_{E_1} = \dfrac{I_S}{\infty} \, e^{\dfrac{(V_{B_1} - V_E)}{V_t}} } \qquad
\tcbhighmath{ I_{E_2} = \dfrac{I_S}{\infty} \, e^{\dfrac{(V_{B_2} - V_E)}{V_t}} }
\end{align*}
\footnotetext{Video Aula 3C, Slide 17, 9:50 minutos}
Dividindo $I_{E_1}$ por $I_{E_2}$ e vice-versa:
\end{tcolorbox}
\end{document}

If your goal (I'm trying to understand the red arrows in the OP figures) is to place the footnote in the tcolorbox itself, I would instead fudge it, as I do below using stacks. In the left box, I use a \tiny
footnote size, and in the right box, I use \scriptsize
.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage[most]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage[usestackEOL]{stackengine}
\stackMath
\begin{document}
\begin{tcolorbox}[title=CORREÇÃO]
A equação da corrente no emissor de $Q_1$ e $Q_2$, com $V_{BE} = V_B - V_E$
\begin{align*}
\tcbhighmath{ \Shortunderstack[l]{%
I_{E_1} = \dfrac{I_S}{\infty} \, e^{\dfrac{(V_{B_1} - V_E)}{V_t}}\\\\
\rule{4em}{.6pt}\\\text{\tiny Video Aula 3C, Slide 17, 9:50 minutos}}}
\qquad
\tcbhighmath{ \Shortunderstack[l]{%
I_{E_2} = \dfrac{I_S}{\infty} \, e^{\dfrac{(V_{B_2} - V_E)}{V_t}}\\\\
\rule{4em}{.6pt}\\\text{\scriptsize Video Aula 3C, Slide 17,}\\
\text{\scriptsize 9:50 minutos}}}
\end{align*}
Dividindo $I_{E_1}$ por $I_{E_2}$ e vice-versa:
\end{tcolorbox}
\end{document}

MWE
full format, in an error free format from\documentclass
to\end{document}
– MadyYuvi Sep 29 '20 at 13:39\footnotetext
outside of thealign*
environment. But,as Mady notes, you need to provide us with a full working example to fully understand the issue. – Steven B. Segletes Sep 29 '20 at 14:07