Like this:
Edit:
After reading your comments below, your question is not entirely clear, what all are your problems. Anyway, please one problem per question. Now I add one possible solution for option for compiling with LuaLaTeX where is used FiraSans
and correct first version, where is now used default Beamer fonts fonts.
Regarding etoolbox
: it is needed at older LaTeX version. At recent one definition for \AtBeginEnvironment
is integrated in it (now I assume, that you have installed recent LaTeX).
An example compiled with pdfLaTeX
:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{metropolis}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\AtBeginEnvironment{tabular}{\ttfamily} % global setting for tabular
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Typewriter table}
This text should have the default Beamer.
\begin{table}
\caption{Default text font}
\begin{tabular}{cr}
\toprule
Begin \textbf{typewriter} & \textit{mono \textbf{font}} \\
\midrule
A & 0.1 \\
Bc & 1 \\
Cde & 23.45 \\
Defg & 3.456 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Default text font} % added to check both, top and bottom, description variants
\end{table}
This text should have the default Beamer font.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Typewriter table}
This text should have the default Beamer.
\begin{table}
\caption{Default text font}
\begin{tabular}{cr}
\toprule
Begin typewriter & mono font \\
\midrule
A & 0.1 \\
Bc & 1 \\
Cde & 23.45 \\
Defg & 3.456 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
This text should have the default Beamer font.
\end{frame}
\end{document}

An example compiled with LuadfLaTeX
and using FiraSans
fonts:
\documentclass{beamer}
\usetheme{metropolis}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage[sfdefault]{FiraSans}
\AtBeginEnvironment{tabular}{\ttfamily} % global setting for tabular
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Typewriter table}
This text is in the FiraSans sans Serif fonts.
\begin{table}
\caption{Default text font}
\begin{tabular}{cr} % in tabular are use \ttfamily as defined in FiraSans
\toprule
Begin \textbf{typewriter} & \textit{mono \textbf{font}} \\
\midrule
A & 0.1 \\
Bc & 1 \\
Cde & 23.45 \\
Defg & 3.456 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Default text font} % added to check both, top and bottom, description variants
\end{table}
This text should have the default Beamer font.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Typewriter table}
This text should have the default Beamer.
\begin{table}
\caption{Default text font}
\begin{tabular}{cr}
\toprule
Begin typewriter & mono font \\
\midrule
A & 0.1 \\
Bc & 1 \\
Cde & 23.45 \\
Defg & 3.456 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
This text should have the default Beamer font.
\end{frame}
\end{document}

For defining use FiraSans font only for \ttfamily
please ask new question.