XCharter
supports Cyrillic symbols. It can be used in combination with e.g. mathdesign
for equations:
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[bitstream-charter]{mathdesign}
\begin{document}
\fontencoding{T2A}\fontfamily{XCharter-TLF}\selectfont
Видимое свечение чистых жидкостей под действием$\gamma$-радиации
\begin{equation}
a^2 + b^b = c^2
\end{equation}
\end{document}

For more information, please see http://mirrors.ctan.org/fonts/xcharter/doc/xcharter-doc.pdf (Section 4 is dedicated to Cyrillic)
Update:
with the update to version 1.1 (September 20, 2017) of xcharter, the example needs to be modified a little bit:
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[bitstream-charter]{mathdesign}
\makeatletter
\newif\if@XCh@srb
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\fontencoding{T2A}\fontfamily{XCharter-TLF}\selectfont
Видимое свечение чистых жидкостей под действием$\gamma$-радиации
\begin{equation}
a^2 + b^b = c^2
\end{equation}
\end{document}
without the additional \newif...
, it will cause the error:
(/usr/local/texlive/2017/texmf-dist/tex/latex/xcharter/T2AXCharter-TLF.fd
File: T2AXCharter-TLF.fd 2017/06/25 (autoinst) Font definitions for T2A/XCharte
r-TLF.
! Extra }, or forgotten endgroup.
l.15 \edef\XCharter@@srb{\if@XCh@srb srb\fi}
%
I've deleted a group-closing symbol because it seems to be
spurious, as in `$x}$'. But perhaps the } is legitimate and
you forgot something else, as in `\hbox{$x}'. In such cases
the way to recover is to insert both the forgotten and the
deleted material, e.g., by typing `I$}'.
)
! Extra \fi.
\pickup@font ...t@name \relax \define@newfont \fi